a tendency to moral or physical evil is found, must be regarded as badly organized. The great end of human life is the attainment and diffusion of happiness. Intimately connected with that great end of human life, and essential to its attainment, are the subordinate objects, health and intelligence. He who is incapable of attaining or of communicating happiness, has failed in the great end of his being; and he who fails in the subordinate ends, health and intelligence, must also fail in attaining and diffusing a large amount of happiness.

For the attainment of happiness, a large or predomimant development of the moral organs is indispensable, anything worth the name of "happiness," springing from our higher emotions alone; and in proportion as we gratify these we attain happiness, thus making our "virtue its own reward." No one, therefore, whatever may be his sphere of life, can be regarded as having a good head, who has not a full development of the moral organs. He may have "a good head" for a gambler, for a tyrant, for a thief, or for an assassin, with small moral organs, but without a good moral development, he has not the proper head for a man.

For intelligence, we require a good development of the intellect. ual organs, with that configuration which will give them the steadiest, fullest, and freest action. I shall show, hereafter, in what manner each organ of the brain influences the whole, and what general conformation is, therefore, best for intellectual activity and power.

For health, we require a preponderance of the superior occipital organs. We may say, therefore, that that is a good head, in which the anterior and superior regions are prominent, with a sufficient development also of the upper portion of the occiput. Such a conformation indicates intelligence, moral excellence, and physical vigor,—and, in short, a general qualification for a happy and useful life.

It is desirable that the whole head should be developed, and no portion entirely deficient; but it is especially desirable that the organs mentioned should have their due predominance. The organs of the base of the brain should have no greater development than is requisite for sustaining our physiological functions. The superior and anterior regions were evidently designed by our Creator to control the posterior and inferior portions. Whenever this great principle, which is stamped upon our constitution, is violated, by giving the ascendency to any of the inferior class of organs, we pay the penalty, in crime, misery, and disease.

The head may be conveniently divided into two classes of organs: -those of good, and those of evil tendency, that is to say, organs designed by their function to rule the entire man, their tendency being wholly good; and organs evidently designed by their functions to play a subordinate part, their tendency being to result in evil whenever they attain the ascendency. The division between

these two classes may be made by drawing a line round the head, from the alæ of the nose backward, and upward, around the superior occipital region. (See engraving of Spheres of Good and Evil, in No. 3.) If this line be properly and carefully drawn, it will be found that all the organs situated below and behind it, are of objec tionable tendency when allowed to obtain the ascendency; and that the organs lying above and in front of the line, are calculated to insure the happiness, and produce the noblest character of man.

Taking this division, then, as our guide, we may pronounce all heads objectionable, in which any of the upper class of organs are deficient in proportion to their inferior antagonists. The greater the deficiency, the worse the head; unless the deficiency in the superior region be counteracted by corresponding deficiencies in the inferior class of organs, so as to preserve the relative symmetry of the head, and the ascendency of the superior class. That head is the best, in which we find a full development of both the superior and interior departments, in accordance with the laws of symmetry, but that must be considered a decidedly bad head, in which, although the anterior and superior developments are large, any preponderance in the inferior organs exists. There are many heads which may be entitled to rank among the good, although deficient in symmetry, and in many of their developments imperfect, which preserve, in all respects, the ascendency of the higher over the lower class of organs. Such heads may indicate deficient or imperfect faculties; but in their general tendency to good, they please the eye of the phrenologist, as the physiognomist would be gratified by an ugly face, if radiant with the expression of benevolence.

Our conception, then, of the good head, may be stated thus:All heads are good in which the higher class preponderate over the inferior class of organs. In accordance with this general rule, we may, of course, admit many varieties of development which may all be called good. "A good head," in this general sense, may be specially adapted to oratory, to statesmanship, to painting, to sculp ture, to authorship, to social intercourse, to mechanical industry, &c.-In short, there may be great varieties of "good heads," as ail men may be considered "good men" who fulfill the great ends of their being, all heads may be considered "good" which are well organized for this purpose.

ART. III.—THE MORMONS.

Mr. A. C. Call, a correspondent of the National Era, gives the following description of the Mormon Republic, in a letter to the Era:

The general term Desert may, with much propriety, be applied to all the country included in the Great Interior Basin, and all lying between the Great Basin and the Missouri and Arkansas rivers, embracing nearly all of our recent purchase from Mexico and much of our former territory. There is here and there a fertile valley which is an exception.

Perhaps of all this vast country, one twentieth part is arable land. The large tract of fertile land lies just within the eastern rim of the Great Basin, Nobsatch mountains, and the Utah and Great Salt Lakes. This is about 200 miles long, and varies from 5 to 40 miles in breadth, but even in this valley there is much barren land, and much that requires artificial irrigation.

Besides this great valley, there are several small valleys and oases in the Great Basin, but they are mostly so small, so far apart, and so badly timbered, that they will never be settled while there is any unoccupied land in the valley of the Mississippi.

Even the Great Salt Lake valley would, in all probability, have remained unsettled for years to come, had not the Mormons been compelled by persecution, to seek within the limits of Catholic Mexico that freedom of conscience which was denied them in our own country.

But this persecution, like that which drove the Pilgrim Fathers to the shores of New England, was destined in the course of events to work a great good.

Having felt the yoke themselves, Liberty, with them, is something more than a word; and in organizing their infant State, their first care was to guaranty to every one who shall choose to settle within their borders the most perfect liberty of person and conscience.

And, believing that those who are sent into the world have a right to live on the world, they allow every one as much of the earth's surface as he can occupy, subject only to the expense of survey and registry, and such regulations as are necessary to prevent fraud.

There has been no legislation on the subject of slavery, as their constitution declares, and the people believe that "all men are created free and equal," and they very sensibly conVOL. II.-N

clude, that slavery can have no legal existence where it has never been legalized.

There are indeed a few black persons, perhaps a hundred in the valley, who have been sent in by, and who still live with their former masters, but they are not considered as slares; and I have been told by Brigham Young, who is Governor of the State, President of the Church, High Priest, Revelator, etc., that the idea of property in men would not be entertained a moment by any court in the State-and, with the Mormons (and the people here are nearly all Mormans,) the voice of Brigham is the voice of God.

This is a singular community; consistency, and inconsistency, light and darkness, bigotry and toleration, are strangely blended.

Reasoning clearly and logically, as they do, respecting man's natural rights and duties, and having established the largest liberty for others, they are themselves the veriest slaves of the priesthood.

Over religious, and professing an unbounded reverence for all things sacred, believing that they are the chosen people, and have direct communication with God himself, they make the Sabbath a day of amusement and recreation, of balls and fandangoes; and profanity is as common here as prayers are at Oberlin. Even the priests can many of them utter oaths that would make an ordinary Christian man's hair stand up.

Collected as they are from all parts of the world, and having been mobbed and persecuted, and driven from Ohio to Missouri, and from Missouri to Illinois, and from Illinois to the deserts, and mountains, they are still devotedly attached to the American Union, and would stand by it, and defend it to the very last. In fact, they believe that the Constitution of the United States was written by inspiration; and whatever others may do, they intend to defend it, and support it, till the final consummation of all things. They say that our Government is the best that the world ever has produced, or ever will produce, till Jesus Christ shall come and claim the earth as His inheritance, and reign over it Himself.

There is but little known respecting their religious creed by the world at large, and even the more ignorant "saints," as they call themselves, have never penetrated the sublime arcana of their religion.

A belief that Joe Smith and his successors were Prophets, and held intercourse with the other world, and possessed all the gifts bestowed upon the Disciples, and that the book of Mormon was discovered and translated by inspiration, is usually supposed to comprise the theory of Mormonism; but this is by no means the case. Though commenced in ignorauce, they have finally perfected a grand theory, in the construction of which

the mystic lore of the Brahmins, and the traditions of the Jews, and the precepts of Mahomet, and the vagaries of Swedenborg, all seem to have been pressed into the service, and having sifted, culled, and abridged all these different systems, till they in some measure coalesce, they have cemented them together with a few ideas of their own, and this is Mormonism. Among other things, they believe that there are certain fixed. principles or laws in Nature, which are superior to, and independent of the gods themselves; that all miracles are performed on supernatural principles, and that the gods themselves can only work by the means that exist in Nature. They believe that their priests have intercourse with God; that is, with the God who has dominion over this earth (for they believe in Polytheism), and that He has the sagacity and wisdom to trace cause to effect, and thus to foresee events of a thousand years hence, as clearly as we can see those that are transpiring around us. And thus, they can prophecy concerning things that shall take place at a period remote in the future with as much precision as we could predict that a ball thrown up into the air would come down again, or that upon a certain day there should be an eclipse of the moon.

I remarked that they believe in Polytheism. They believe that there is a succession of Gods, rising one above another, in intelligence and power, ad infinitum, and that every intelligence in existence will continue to rise higher and higher, and approximate nearer and nearer to perfection in an infinite progression. That in every new state or stage of existence, the mind will receive new light and power, till each will in succession pass through the different stages, from the lowest degree to the brute, from brute to man, from man to angel, from angel to God, and so upward.

They believe that creation will progress eternally, and that in every new state each one will receive more and more dominion according to his necessity; that we are in the middle, so to speak, or have reached a certain state, and that intelligences extend both upward and downward, ad infinitum; that some are as much below our comprehension, as others are above it, but that every one betters his condition on the whole in each probation, though he enters it much in the same condition as that in which he left the preceding one. But if you wish a sermon on Mormon theology, there are brethren in Washington.

I believe that no one who has witnessed the friendship and harmony that prevail here, and shared the hospitality of these people, and seen their industry, and frugality, and benevolence, will quarrel with them about their religion, however strange or absurd it may seem.

I assure you it is a pleasant sight, after having travelled twelve hundred miles across the deserts and mountains, to look down