portions of each. The upper portion of the Conductor organs and the upper portion of the Respiratory may be considered superior in moral character to the lower, for they are connected with the upper portion of the body and the upper portion of the chest. The upper portion of the organs of Sensibility is certainly preferable to the lower portion, containing the sense of pain and fatigue. While the upper portion of the region of Reverence is far superior to the lower portion, which has an abject and debasing tendency.

Thus we may trace our dividing boundary from the organs of Firmness and Pride on the median line to the organs of the face, separating two opposite regions of development; the good indicated by the height of the head upward and expansion of the upper frontal region-the evil, by the breadth and depth of the occiput and basis of the skull and the fullness in the region of the neck. It will be a beneficial exercise for us to trace the dividing line upon our chart of the head. Take your neurological diagram and pencil in hand. Draw a line, commencing at the ale of the nose and running nearly horizontally with an upward curve as far back as the posterior angle of the eye-then turning upward pass between the organs of Language and Disease--run through the middle of the organ of Sensibility, above the organ of Fear-through the middle. of Cautiousness-through the upper part of Coldness-through the middle of Restraint, behind Health-through the junction of Vigilance and Hardihood to the junction of Pride and Decision. This line forms a complete division of the organs of good and evil tendencies. The physiological organs of Respiration, Calorification, etc., lying behind the mouth and chin, being scarcely susceptible of subdivision may be regarded as a continuation of the dividing line or zone.

In carrying our division farther, we may observe that the superior organs are anteriorly more intellectual, posteriorly, more energetic, and centrally, more purely moral. If, then, we divide them into these three regions, we shall have, with their three antagonists, six regions of the brain. Above, the regions of Intelligence, Virtue, Power-below-the regions of Lethargy, Crime, and Debility.

The aggregate tendency of the frontal organs is to produce inteliigence, and to give the forehead a marked development. The aggregate tendency of their antagonists is to diminish intelligence or intellectual power, restrain mental excitement, and produce a greater thickness of the head above and behind the ears. The aggregate tendency of the moral organs is to make man a happy and disinterested being, and to increase the height or fullness of the upper portion of his head. The tendency of the criminal organs, which render him coarse, vicious, degraded, and miserable, is to widen and deepen the occiput-to project the hindhead backward, and to develope the neck. In marking the class of energetic or power-giving organs we do not confine ourselves to the superior half, but include on the occiput some of the selfish as well as the moral powers.

This region of power gives elevation and prominence to the upper part of the occiput, and is the source of those peculiarities of constitution, temperament, and character which render man efficient in all respects, and capable of exercising a commanding influence among his fellows. The opposite region, which gives breadth to the temples and face, is the source of those languid, morbid, and debilitating influ

ences which destroy the strength and activity of our faculties, and render one unfit for any important duty or position in society. Ceteris paribus the man in whom the region of power is best developed, is the most important member of society. He is better calculated to attain distinction, to conquer in a contest, and to succeed in every undertaking. If guided by the anterior portion of these organs-by Energy,

Industry, Fortitude, Hardihood, Health, Self-control, Temperance, Perseverance, and Moral Ambition, his life may be an important one to the interests of his country or of mankind-but if, by the posterior portion-by Selfish Ambition and Love of Power, it may be remarkable only in the power displayed, and in nothing deserving the gratitude of posterity. The position of the energetic and intellectual organs explains some familiar phrases which express the general popular notions of Phrenology. A man of deep thought, forecast, and penetration, with energy, perseverance, and ambition, is said to have a long head-while one who is remarkable for his dullness and slowness of apprehension is said to be thick headed. These expressions are founded in fact; the intellectual organs in front with the energetic behind, which produce ambition, power, foresight, and profundity, do produce a long head-while the unintellectual organs, above and behind the ear, do produce a thickness of the head from side to side.

Finally, we may condense these doctrines of organology in six general propositions:

1. That the brain presents not a specific number of cone-shaped organs, but a limitless number of fibrous arrangements mingled together in the convolutions, and serving as organs of all the various mental functions of humanity, and of all our physiological powers; thus originating capacity, temperament, character, diathesis, and idiosyncrasy.

2. The functions and exact boundaries of each convolution may be traced by the sympathetic diagnosis.

3. Arrangements of the fibers in groups or organs are somewhat arbitrary, but may be made in accordance with the positions of the convolutions, and in accordance with the structure of language, so as to avoid artificial and technical systems.

4. The cerebral organs may be divided into two classes by a line running from the upper part of the face by the outer margin of the eye to the crown of the head, which will separate the organs of good tendency, producing happiness, from those tending to evil and producing misery, when they predominate.

5. The anterior organs are intellectual, the superior virtuousthe upper posterior energetic-while the occipito-lateral are unintellectual-the occipito-basilar criminal, and the anterior basilar debilitating. Of these six great divisions-a vast and indefinite number of subdivisions may be traced, which are harmoniously arranged for co-operation by Divine wisdom.

6. In naming any of these regions or organs, the most convenient and expressive system of nomenclature is to give each organ a name derived from the acts or phenomena to which it gives rise, when acting in decided predominance over all antagonistic influences. VOL. II.-D

ART. III.-REICHENBACH ON ANIMAL MAGNETISM. (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 24.

(Extracted from Gregory's abridged Translation of Reichenbach's Researches.)

73. WHEN a glass of water is placed between the poles of a horse-shoe magnet, that is, in the magnetic current, and thus magnetized, to use the term employed by animal magnetism, every sensitive patient could instantly distinguish this glass of water from all others. Nay, the magnetized glass of water, if instantly brought near the hand of a cataleptic patient, attracted it as a magnet would have done, and was even followed by the hand, just as happened with crystals (see § 26 and 27). Therefore something must have passed from the magnet to the water, and there continued adhering; a something which is not magnetism, which we cannot by chemical means as yet fix, and which we probably cannot even perceive by the aid of any perfectly healthy sense.

74. The distinguished botanist, Dr. Endlicher, visited Mid'lle Nowotny, and made the following experiment. He desired M. von Eisenstein to allow himself to be magnetized by passes with the magnet, and then to act on the patient. To his astonishment he found that he could now (what he had never before been able to do) attract her hand with his, and cause it to follow, wherever he moved his hand, exactly as the magnetized water had done. This power lasted hour, and then disappeared. The same unknown something, which had passed from the magnet to the iron-bar, as well as to the water, hid therefore taken possession of the whole person of M. von Eisenstein. The same cause produced, through his fingers, the same effect.

75. This experiment was repeated in various ways. Sometimes his hand was placed in that of the patient, while a strong magnet was drawn down his back. The patient felt, at each pass, the force swelling, as it were, or pulsating in his hand. Exactly the same result was obtained by the author himself, experimenting with Mad'lle Maix, who, be it remembered, was not, and never had been, a somnambulist.

76. A large proportion of persons, both nervous and apparently healthy, are sensitive to the action of a magnet, when drawn or passed downward along their person. In every town numbers may be found who are so. Now, every one of these, as yet tried, perceives the same effects, only weaker, from substances of all kinds

along which the magnet has been drawn, as are caused by the magnet.

77. Since, then, all persons of a certain degree of nervous sensibility (possibly morbid) can detect the approach of a magnet, even when they cannot see it, by its producing a cool or warm aura: since, farther, the same persons perceive the very same effects in substances, no matter of what kind, which have been placed in the line of the magnetic current; there follows, logically, from these two facts, a conclusion, which people in general do not like to draw, against which, in fact, they have struggled hard a priori, and which seems especially offensive to chemists, namely, that all substances, so magnetized, have suffered, by means of the magnet, a temporary change, no matter of what kind; so that even magnetized water, however strange it may sound at first, is actually a changed water.

78. If we compare the effects of the force in crystals with those produced by magnets on other bodies, we perceive that the influence of both on third substances is exactly alike, indeed so much the same, that there are no means of thus distinguishing them. The magnetic force, taken as a whole, and the crystalline force, differ as the whole does from a part, as the sun's rays from the heating rays they contain. But their action on other bodies is perfectly similar, at least as far as concerns the phenomena above described; and since these effects are completely produced by the crystalline force alone, we must conclude, that, in the case of magnets, they are produced by the crystalline force residing in them; in other words, by a part alone of their force. In their action on the human nerve, the pole of a magnet and the pole of a crystal agree perfectly.

79. We have now, in this investigation, arrived at the threshold of the so-called Animal Magnetism. This "noli me tangere" may now be laid hold of. If the author drew a magnet several times downward from the head to the feet of Mad'lle Sturmann, she became insensible, and fell into convulsions, generally cataleptic. The same result followed, when the large rock-crystal was used in

the same way. But the author could also produce the same effect

with his hands alone. Therefore, the crystalline force of the magnet and of the crystal was also found in his hand.

[Neurology explains the causes of all effects produced by passes upon the human body. When we arrive at the consideration of the neurological relations of the body and observe where the various nervous forces are located, the cause of the convulsions and insensibility produced by passes will be quite obvious.-ED. JOUR.]

80. To test this, many experiments were made. If it were so, then his hands must be capable of producing all the effects produced by the crystal. The effects produced by drawing the magnet or the large crystal along a sensitive person have been already fully described. When he caused his fingers of the right hand to follow each other in a line down the middle of the inside of the hand,