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The middle and lower occipital organs, which from their position co-operate chiefly with the basilar, may nevertheless in some of their fibers manifest an amiable character from co-operation with the coronal organs. We may thus apparently find in the occiput organs of affection, especially in those in whom the occipital organs have been trained to associate in action with the coronal, and in whom the latter are very predominant.

With these views we perceive, that although the variety of manifestation in our organs may be very great-although the same organ may have a more intellectual effect in one, more moral in another, more selfish or violent in a third, and although functions of a very eccentric character may be found in the convolutions of either region-there is in reality no confusion or departure from a few fundamental laws.

The mere performer of experiments may easily present a long catalogue of functions or organs for your wondering gaze, in which there is apparently no system or law. This I would sedulously avoid, for the memory when overtasked with details retains nothing definitely. I shall not pretend to narrate the various functions which are grouped together under the general terms of the neurological diagram. No memory could retain them, nor would they add to the clearness of your conceptions if they could be retained. It is sufficient to know the general character of a convolution and its liability to various modifications so as to anticipate the frequent varieties which may be met with in minute experiments.

With our cardinal principle of unlimited possibilities in man, thus physiologically explained, we are prepared for the future development and unlimited expansion of mental philosophy. Man, instead of being regarded as a formal rectilinear machine, or a combination of a few elementary passions, will be regarded as a being of vast, varied, and plastic powers, capable of any expansion or variation which may be necessary to fill appropriately his sphere. No combination of a few simple elements can make that complex and protean thing-humanity. If in the myriad millions of past history, no two have been entirely alike, great must have been the variety of elements which could have been combined so often on one general plan without monotonous repetition; and if the myriad millions of the future shall present still new combinations of exhaustless variety, how great must be the magazine of variable elements from which this ever-new and still growing humanity is constructed.

The combination of these diversified elements into a systematic and efficient whole, is the wonderful problem which our experiments solve. A prominent feature in our explanation must be the doctrine of the CULMINATION OF FUNCTIONS.

Every element of human nature we find to be referable to a special organ, and when it is objected that the functions thus

ascribed to special organs appear to be the results of the aggregate action of many, we reply that it is the function of each organ to set the many in motion-to command a certain number of organs to carry out its tendency.

In every portion of the moral region we will find some special moral tendency, some combination of particular organs for a particular result; as in the intellectual region we find at every spot an organ producing peculiar intellectual powers, and combining the other organs for a special purpose.

For every class of acts that man has to perform-for every class of objects to be pursued, he has a special apparatus, and this apparatus so situated as to have all the subsidiary apparatus around and within its grasp. This feature of Anthropology gives us an inexhaustible subject of study. The unlimited number of the scenes in which man may be placed, and powers which he may be called upon to exercise-the intricacy of the arrangement by which special powers are created for every scene and duty the systematic simplicity with which the whole is arranged, so that each faculty may be called upon for a thousand different purposes, and may yield the requisite degree of co-operation to purposes in which it is not directly concerned, and the perfection of the contrivance by which so limited a cerebral apparatus is made to produce so great and unlimited a variety of results, constitute the most perfect exhibition of Divine wisdom which can be traced in any department of nature.

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Let us observe a few examples of this arrangement, in which we will see the plan of human nature distinctly developed.

Man, living in the midst of his fellows, necessarily forms combinations with them, for the general purposes in which their interests and wishes unite. He lives in families, communities, tribes, hordes, nations, kingdoms, cities, republics, empires, confederacies, &c., by which the weak are protected in their rights against the strong, and the whole are protected against their enemies, while roads, bridges, temples, colleges, hospitals, towers, walls, gardens, aqueducts, quays, &c., are constructed for the public good.

The existence of men in great masses necessarily requires some organization and combination among those who live in the same region of country, without which society would continue in anarchy and barbarism. The organization of communities gives discipline, strength, and unity to the race, and thus sustains the arts and sciences which constitute civilization, and which can be advanced only by co-operative exertion. Hence the indispensable necessity of the sentiment of Patriotism, which gives man a feeling of deep interest in the welfare of all around him—an attachment to the soil on which he was born, and a disposition to uphold his countrymen, his country, and its useful public institutions, against all foreign inroad or domestic disturbance. By

this disinterested sentiment, men are drawn together to plan for the public welfare, and the word countryman becomes almost as dear and attractive as the word brother. The sentiment of Patriotism, infused into the most degraded community of wandering savages, would elevate them at once into political importance, and make them an efficient body for all public objects. As soon as they became sufficiently intelligent to perceive their true national interests, they would pursue efficiently the career of civilization and happiness.

Let us see by what cerebral apparatus this important faculty is manifested. We find the organ of Patriotism upon the ridge of the parietal bone, at the outer margin of Conscientiousness. It is thus placed in the midst of congenial organs. By contiguity of position and continuity of fiber, they are connected in functional activity. The excitement of Patriotism thus gradually spreads through the surrounding region. Those organs

most intimately connected participate most readily in its excitement-its next neighbors are first aroused, and then as the excitement becomes more intense and diffusive, all the surrounding organs receive in various degrees the sympathetic stimulus. This increased energy does not extend throughout the brain, but is assisted by the diminished activity of the antagonistic region. The propensities to turbulence, to treason, and to fraud, diminish as fast as the love of country and love of justice increase. The brain may be considered as presenting two hemispheres, in one of which the faculties favorable to patriotism are in a state of increased activity, and in the other their antagonists are in a state of diminished action, while at the margin of the two regions -the junction of the patriotic and anti-patriotic divisions, the excitement is less disturbed from its natural course.

This effect of mental impressions upon the brain, or the effect of the application of the hand, may be compared to the effect of the sun upon the Earth, producing in that portion of the globe, over which it is vertical, a maximum of elevated temperature, while a maximum depression occurs at the antipodes.

The most direct and natural consequences of the excitement of Patriotism are such as we see indicated by the position of the neighboring organs-a love of law, justice, and social order, a respect for government and its functionaries, a love of home and of all our country's interesting scenery-a love of the people at large, and of all those with whom we associate and are connected by any species of tie. These feelings arising from Reverence, Conscientiousness, Inhabitiveness, Cautiousness, and Social Affection, seem almost necessarily associated with Patriotism. When it is more highly excited, and when our country is threatened by foreign aggression, a wider circle of activity exists in the brain. The domestic affections (conjugal, parental, and filial love) are roused; Energy, Firmness, Hardihood, and

Courage are brought into play; Pride and moral Ambition are displayed-Cautiousness, Manliness, Sanity, Industry, Temperance, and Health lend their aid, and thus we are enabled to perform the arduous duties of a citizen in time of war. The full development of Patriotism, requires that we should struggle for our country's welfare, and stand ready to undergo all hardships and perils for its sake. Though not decidedly a military organ, it is closely associated with the military spirit, and we find it so situated, as to command with equal readiness the affections and the martial impulses. As national affairs are more associated with military movements than the affairs of Love, the organ of Patriotism lies nearer than that of Love to the military organs. The martial tendency, which is thus excited, is sustained and carried out by an activity of the region of Reverence, which admirably fits men for military discipline, and by the influence of Sublimity, which gives a thrilling, elevating, buoyant excitement. Thus, the truly Patriotic man is fitted by the arrangements of his organs, for the duties which devolve upon his Patriotism-to be an upright, energetic, and industrious citizen-to be amiable and popular in society-persevering, courageous, and obedient in war, and throughout, of a buoyant, indomitable energy.

To arouse the Patriotic sentiment most efficiently, it is necessary that we should appeal to the organs adjacent to the sentiments of Honor, Justice, Love, Courage, Sublimity, &c., as we observe is done in all Patriotic songs. (Star-spangled Banner, American Flag, Marseilles Hymn, &c.)

The same admirable arrangement, which we observe in reference to Patriotism, by which that organ is enabled to rouse the energies of the whole brain to accomplish its purposes, may be observed in reference to each of the rest-in Memory, Reason, Love, Philanthropy, &c.

The organ of Memory, for instance, is internally connected immediately with that of Observation, from which Memory derives its materials. Externally with the organ of Time, which is, or should be, active in connection with all our reminiscences. Below, it is connected with the knowing organs from which are derived its positive ideas; and above, with the reflective, to which it furnishes materials of thought. From this, we learn that the excitement of Memory is necessarily connected with the excitement of Observation and Reflection. In the most usual course of Nature, the excitement traverses upward upon the forehead, along the great zones, running from the front to the back of the head; but, as Memory lies in the midst of a group, its action necessarily results in the action of its neighbors, below as well as above. Such is the fact. Memory is the power of recalling impressions, but on recalling the impressions, the same organs must be used for their conception when recalled, as were used for the same purpose when first conceived. Every act of specific

act.

Memory, therefore, involves the co-operative action of the perceptive organs which lie below Memory, and every act of general Memory, or Memory of principles, involves the co-operative action of the reflective organs, which lie above Memory. We may then, affirm that every act of Memory is, in proportion to its extent and intensity, accompanied by an action of the surrounding region, which may be considered as a part of the one A very vivid action of the organ of Memory, by diffusing a powerful excitement around, would bring into play all our intellectual organs. By the knowing organs, we would conceive the scene with an intensity almost illusive-by the reflective, we would more deeply realize it, as we profitably moralize over the scene and learn new wisdom from the experience recalled, and better understood in the review. The prolonged action of Memory is apt to still the energetic impulses, for the excitement, spreading upward in the anterior moral region, neutralizes all the harsh, combative, or morose impulses, and reaching laterally the region of Ideality, produces the quiet musing mood which passes into reverie and day-dreaming, or more decided forms of somnolence. The faculties thus aroused are all pleasant in their action; hence the great pleasure with which we dwell upon the past, or meditate upon our stores of knowledge. The occupation necessarily soothes and cheers, driving away all that is gross or morose in our feelings, because the mirthful and ideal regions are aroused. Thus, we perceive how in time as well as in space, " 'tis distance lends enchantment to the view." The effort of Memory, necessary to recall long past events or scenes, rouses Ideality and the amiable sentiments which beautify as we behold.

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The effort of Memory which is necessary to the study of a science, or to the review of transactions in which we have been engaged, is, perhaps, less intense than that which rouses the associated feelings. It is seldom that meditations upon past scenes, arouse the passions which accompanied the scenes in their enactment. Memory, like painting or tragedy, usually brings before us the scenes of excitement for our intellect alone. The higher intensity of Memory which spreads into the affective region and rouses strong feelings, is not its habitual action. This belongs to those energetic temperaments, which are seldom of the quiet contemplative turn. This energetic power is suitable for the orator, who is, thereby, qualified to carry along the feelings of his auditors, pari passu with the evolution of his thoughts - the action of his intellect being sufficiently intense to arouse the whole anterior region of his brain.

The situation of Memory, so near to moral and refining sentiments as well as to intellect, explains the fact that pleasing impressions are better retained than the unpleasant. This is a most beneficent law. But for this, the dreary and painful scenes

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