the search for the unattainable-in the mysterious, the profound, the original-in the widest range of the past, the future and the possible.

The anterior portion of Ideality, connecting with Invention, is the seat of literary power, the talent for composition and for poetical writing. The lower portion is the seat of reverie, which gradually changes into dreaming, and other forms of somnolence. Breadth of this organ, extending backward from Invention, would therefore indicate, in its anterior portion, literary power; and in the lower posterior part, a tendency to reminiscence, reverie, abstraction, day-dreaming, absence of mind and partial drowsiness. The region of Somnolence furnishes a certain amount of imaginative action, or dreaming when we are asleep-when awake it may produce dimness of vision and optic illusions, as in double vision, muscæ volitantes, remote or distorted appearances, &c. The imaginative activity of this region being less vigorous than is found above Ideality, does not produce illusions of so startling and remarkable a character. The various forms of sleep-waking, somnambulism, somniloquence, &c., which naturally arise and which may be produced by the nervaura of another person (formerly called animal magnetism), are but displays of the organ of somnolence. Whenever it has a predominating development, ve may consider the individual certainly a dreamer, possibly a spontaneous somnambulist, and probably a very good subject for nervauric experiments.

The organ of Music, below and anterior to Somnolence, is sufficiently described by its name. The powerful influence of this organ over our whole system is explained by its close connection with Sensibility and Impressibility; its refining and soothing tendency is explained by its connection with Ideality and Somnolence; its influence over the motions, as in dancing, &c., by its proximity to the sense of Force. The erroneous location of this organ by Dr. Gall, was owing to the fact that he observed it chiefly in remarkable composers, in whom, of course, the organ of Invention was more conspicuous than that of Music.

The organ of Language, below and anterior to Music, and connected with the sense of Hearing, is to be regarded as an intel lectual power, and not as the mere faculty of utterance. The physical apparatus of speech is found in the Respiratory organs, at the upper portion of Expiration. The breadth, or projection beyond the outer angle of the eye, is the true indication of Language. In the old location we may produce, by means of the conductor organs, a moderate excitement of Language; but if we compare such an experiment with one made upon the true location, the difference will be sufficiently striking.

Having thus surveyed the group of combining powers, from Language to Imagination, let us take up the recollective group lying along the middle of the forehead. Here we perceive that

the central portion of the forehead is marked "Consciousness." We recognize the existence of an organ for this faculty, which mental philosophers have considered an important element of our mentality. Exciting this organ produces a state of wakefulness, or mental activity, as its antagonist produces a state of total unconsciousness or sleep. The touch at this point arouses the sleeper, and its continued excitement rouses and vivifies the whole mind. A mental vividness and wakefulness is the result of its predominance,

Exterior to Consciousness we find the conceptions to extend further and further from the present into the past. Consciousness is engaged upon what is passing at the present momentits immediate vicinity retains the events which have just transpired-the fibers further out exercise a greater power of Memory, running through the whole range of our life, and the most exterior are the sources of that retentive memory which retains the whole range of history and science. Beyond this we find the organ of Time, which gives a limitless chronological range, and which connects with the arranging organ of System. From these locations it results, that a development in the middle range of the forehead, near the median line, would indicate a ready mind. and prompt but not extensive memory, while a development half an inch or a whole inch from the median line, would indicate a copious, retentive memory, and might be accompanied by a deficiency of the more brief and recent species of memory. The external development is adapted to literary or scientific pursuits, and the internal to active life or business. When the latter is largest, there may be good capacities and facility in acquiring or using knowledge, without the power of retaining the acquisitions or becoming learned or profound. The exterior without the internal development, would produce an intellect of depth capable of great attainments, but slow, deficient in tact or readiness, and lacking in presence of mind.

The group of organs occupying the upper surface of the forehead, originate high intellectual powers, the exact character of which I was unable to determine, either by Craniology or by experiment, until I met with individuals of a very high grade of impressibility. From experiments upon such, it appears that this region may be divided into organs of Foresight, Sagacity, Judgment, Wit, Reason, Ingenuity and Scheming. These names will express their character. Foresight, giving us a knowledge of the future, enables us to be ready at any moment to act according to circumstances, properly and without hesitation. Sagacity makes a sound and clear mind, ready to decide upon anything brought before it at a glance, but not addicted to research or reasoning. Judgment is a more deliberate power, weighing a greater number of facts before deciding, and therefore not so ready in forming a conclusion. Wit is a faculty of greater acuteness and more

analytical research, being of a humorous tendency only as it runs into the organ of Mirthfulness. Reason, the or in which uses a vast variety of materials for forming opinions and determining what is most probable, is well named-reasoning is its office. Ingenuity, which occupies a small space between Reason and Scheming, is sufficiently defined by its name, if we bear in mind that it relates to principles, plans and reasons, rather than to any physical arrangements. The name, Scheming, expresses correctly the character of the bold, planning, castle-building faculty which it indicates.

The reflective organs thus described, sustain a peculiar relation to the recollective organs below, from which they derive their materials of thought. The region of Consciousness and its prox imate fibers, which retain only matters closely connected with the present, afford no basis for extensive induction, and accordingly only give rise to foresight and sagacity. The organ of Judgment, which requires a greater amount of fact to act upon, is located above a portion of Memory, which has a greater range, while Wit and Reason, lying still further out, connect with the most extensive or retentive portion of Memory, from which they derive ample material for analysis and induction.

The combining or creative powers of Ingenuity, Scheming. Ideality and Imagination, receive their material in like manner from the primitive conceptions of Order, Calculation, Music, Language and Sensibility, elaborated by System, Invention and Composi tion. In short, the general structure of the intellectual region indicates a progressive excitement from below upward, in a manner corresponding to the flow of venous blood in the longitudinal sinus.

There is a regular progression of mental excitement in the lateral and outward direction, as well as upward. From the cen tral region of Consciousness, in the middle of the forehead, mental excitement habitually radiates throughout the brain-that organ being the seat of the most vivid mental action, the central source of illumination for the remainder of the brain. Ideas which are at this moment the subject of consciousness, are in the next moment the subject of memory, at first proximate, then remote, and finally, having lost all definite shape and distinctness in the memory, they become the elements of the opinions of Reason, or the impressions and suggestive associations of Ideality. Thus there is a gradual transfer of thought and excitement from the central or conscious region of the forehead, in a lateral and outward direction, toward Ideality in the temples.

Having thus hastily viewed the intellectual organs, let us now survey their functions and relations with more enlarged views.

One of our first observations among men, if we are critical observers, will be, that the amount of intellectual action is not proportional to the size of the intellectual organs. Even where the

opportunities of mental culture have been equal, the size of the intellectual organs is not a sufficient criterion of intellectuality. Their size must be estimated in comparison with the development of their antagonists. There are many in whom the intellectual organs are moderate, as to their absolute size (yet predominant over the antagonists), in whom we observe an activity and vividness of the intellectual faculties, which render these moderate organs more efficient than larger organs in heads which have a thicker occiput. In such heads, the intellectual organs do not so fully control the character or make it so decidedly intellectual: and although they may, under strong excitement, display a greater intellectual strength, they do not usually perform so much intellectual labor. The smaller head may be more habitually clear and observant, more active in gathering, and more ready in communicating knowledge. Having less tendency to repose, it may more readily display its powers, and, by keeping them in continual activity, may accomplish ultimately more intellectual labor.

Making due allowance, then, for the unintellectual region, the strength of mind is determined by the upper portion of the forehead, the power of accumulating knowledge by the middle region, and the physical accuracy of our perceptions by the lower range. One of the first discoveries made by the experimental method, was the existence of a special apparatus for Memory. This discovery conflicts directly with the old phrenological philosophy, which was our point of departure. It induces us, therefore, to look with a deeper insight into the fundamental laws of Anthropology, and adjudicate this question at the tribunal of pure

reason.

Perhaps the voice of reason is not needed in this matter, for simple observation speaks with a higher authority in matters of fact. By the experimental method we listen to the voice of Nature and record her instructions. Her dicta cannot be overthrown. When we know a fact experimentally, we may be contented: we appeal to Reason, not as a higher authority, but because right Reason always confirms just observation-and if Reason does not yield a collateral support, we must distrust either the accuracy of our observation or the accuracy of our reasoning.

The facts are, that excitement of the middle region of the forehead produces a calm thoughtfulness, and, without exciting any philosophic inquiry, increases our command of the knowledge that we have obtained, and renews our recollection of the scenes of our life. If one of the impressible temperament finds that something has escaped his memory which he once knew, by placing the fingers upon the region of Memory we may so exalt its powers as to restore the forgotton fact or name. Thus have I frequently roused and assisted an imperfect memory in the impressible. In my first experiment for the discovery of the func

tions, I found that various scenes through which the individual had passed were vividly recalled, and as I moved the finger further out from the median line, the memory traversed a longer interval of time, and ran back to the earliest recollections of childhood. Scenes and incidents were thus aroused which had for years lain dormant in the memory, and which we might justly say had been forgotten; for, in an ordinary condition of the mind. they could not have been recalled-these vivid reminiscences of childhood, scenes of the forest, school house and nursery, were much more effectively realized than in an ordinary act of recol lection, in which the memory, although active, is not a predoninant power. Sometimes an entire abstraction from surrounding objects was produced, as in a lady who, when recalled from her thoughtfulness, told us, that she had been far away, mentally, from the present scene, upon the waters of a beautiful lake in Florida, where she had formerly spent some happy hours with her companions.

Beyond the most exterior point for personal recollection, which runs back to childhood (and which is situated beneath the organ of Causality, at the junction of Wit and Reason), we find an extensive range of historical and scientific knowledge. At the next point beyond, which is the seat of the organ of Time, we may obtain a sufficient illustration of the function, by requesting the subject to endeavor to guess the time of day before the organ has been excited, and then, after exciting it, to make another conjecture. The superior accuracy of the latter will show the increase of the power of Time.

The character of the recollective region, which is thus demonstrated by experiment, is also illustrated by Cranioscopy. Practical phrenologists, although following a doctrine which may recornize no particular organ of memory, have found it convenient. and indeed necessary, to judge of the general strength of memory by the development of the middle region of the forehead, which had been denominated the organ of Eventuality. The fact that a depres sion, or concavity, extending across the middle of the forehead horizontally, is generally accompanied by a defective memory, is easily verified by a little observation.

THE UNINTELLECTUAL.-The first point of intellectual development in the child is necessarily in the region of Consciousness. There can be none horizontally exterior to that point, for there is nothr ing for the memory to act upon, and there being no memoryno set of ideas in the mind derived from previous impressionsthere is of course no power of reasoning, as there are no matere als for that process. There can be scarcely any action of Time or Causality, because there is as yet nothing to excite them. There has been no lapse of time and no succession of events in that uniform manner which proves causation. Scheming, System, Invention, Ideality, Music, Language, are all undeveloped.