the houses around it, but not the community as a whole. The streets are unnecessarily wide. There is no reason why one should live on one street any more than another. There are no good positions for public buildings. The effect would be entirely lost; there is no focal point-in fact, there is absolutely nothing to recommend it. This is the suburb as it was originally planned. The next view shows the suggestions for its improvement, which I hope will be carried out. You will understand that Regina, like all Canadian cities, is laid out on the checkerboard plan. The top portion is already on the market and cannot be dealt with. The main avenue centres on the new Parliament Buildings. Those of you who know Regina will know where the public buildings are on this map. We have done what we could in the way of betterment; here is a large central park of between twenty and thirty acres; in many cases the houses are grouped around central open spaces. Unfortunately, the same width of roads had to be maintained, and the lots have only twenty-five feet frontage as all the others. Of course, that is much too narrow, but it had to be in accordance with the rest of the planning in the neighbourhood. Here is a civic centre with gardens and fine sites for shops and public buildings. The loss on the building frontage is only 4 per cent., taking out all these open spaces. There is a gain on the building area on account of the reduction of the roads, and also a gain over the old rectangular method. Here is an enlargement of the civic centre; here are good sites for residences or stores according to the way the property develops. There are positions for fine public buildings. The roads are planted with trees, and this, again, shows the open spaces. On the corners you get fine sites for public buildings. This shows the whole city, and here is the suburb in relation to the rest of the town. Here is another picture of the Rosedale section of Toronto, a departure from the ordinary method, but still unsightly. Those curved roads look more like worms in death tortures. Here is a new suburb outside the Hague in Holland, showing how they treat absolutely flat ground. The excuse in Canada for adopting the gridiron plan is that most of the land in the West is absolutely flat. If time permitted I would have said a few words about the absurdity of the gridiron plan in Edmonton, which city, as you know, has great natural beauty; it should be a charming city, with the river running through it and the high bluffs.

THE PRESIDENT: This is a splendid address we have heard; if we are to improve our cities and towns we shall have to take a leaf out of the book of the Old Country.

J. LOCKIE WILSON: We have all appreciated very much Mrs. DuningtonGrubb's address and the lantern slides. I trust her services will be available for a number of the Horticultural Societies in this Province. If she could be secured to address sixty or seventy of these Societies, they could not fail to be greatly benefited, and the Department will do its share in order to assist in paying the expenses as far as our funds will permit.

W. B. BURGOYNE: I endorse what Mr. Wilson has said, and I trust that Mrs. Dunington-Grubb will be able to visit St. Catharines under the auspices of the Horticultural Society, when I think she will admit that there is one Canadian city, at least, that is not laid out on the gridiron style. It is said that the main street in St. Catharines, like one of the streets in Boston, followed the crooked track made by a cow on its way to its watering-place.

TREES IN PUBLIC PARKS AS EDUCATORS.

R. B. THOMSON, B.A., TORONTO UNIVERSITY.

Our Chancellor, Sir William Meredith, in 1904 suggested that the trees in the University grounds should be labelled, and this was done, at a cost of about $60. The trees were identified in the summer of 1904, and there are a number of them from the Old Country. In our Canadian parks we do not appreciate our own native trees, and go to the Old Country for them. There are English and Scotch Elms on our grounds, and the Ashes are represented by beautiful specimens along the western border. There are about sixty to sixty-five different subdivisions of trees and shrubs on these grounds. They were introduced by the first Professor of Agriculture in the University, Professor Buckland, and he evidently knew all these varieties. We put 175 labels on the trees, labelling some seven or eight specimens along the different pathways and the main thoroughfares through the grounds. We find this a very useful thing for the Forestry students since the new Forestry Department was started. They use the trees as an arboretum and study them. Much public interest, too, is exhibited. Large numbers of people came to the grounds, and were seen studying the trees, looking at the labels, evidently having a tree of their own and identifying it in that way. The newspapers referred to the matter, and some of them thought it a rather important step on the part of the University. One of them said it was the first public step on the part of the University. The University to-day is getting closer in touch with commercial life and the ordinary people than ever before, and now, instead of the University people holding aloof, it is rather the opposite. The schools of the city found our work useful, for they sent their nature study students there, and learned in that way the names of the trees and shrubs. I learned this fall that one of the students from the Forestry Department had been. sent into the park to study the trees there. We had a project to increase the number of Canadian trees, but had to give it up on account of the growth of the University. With the big new buildings going up, and more to come, the grounds were in such a condition that nothing could be done. Now the Hart Massey Gymnasium is to be built.

It was hoped the University would be moved out near Lambton at one time, because in Queen's Park every additional piece of land costs an enormous amount of money; the change would have been financially advantageous. The old Worthington homestead was prepared and grass seed sown on it, with the idea of putting in a Botanic Garden. It was laid out on the square plan, to which Mrs. DuningtonGrubb so strongly objects. We arranged 140 beds 10 x 4; in that way we could easily locate our plants. In the Botanic Garden there is a certain sequence of plants which we want to establish, and then to know exactly where each plant is. We keep plants of the same genus together. The square plan seemed to be the best thing for convenience of access, and we can enlarge at any time. We have had growing there this year material for our classes, and also illustrations of plant breeding. We have Burbank's Wonderberry in the same bed with the tomato and potato. If it is a case of gradual evolution, we have the wild form and the developed form, so that students may understand plant breeding. Then we are trying to acquire collections for experimental purposes; for example, we have a large collection this year of grasses, many of them from the Missouri Botanic Garden. We have been able to get together about three thousand different forms of plants in that small piece of ground. I do not suppose it occupies much more than a quarter of an acre. These have come from various sources. Some came from Professor Macoun; they have a very good Botanic Garden at Ottawa. We obtained others from New York,

St. Louis, Switzerland, Germany, and other countries. We have been helped very much in this work by the City authorities. The late Park Commissioner, whose loss we deplore, was in hearty sympathy with this scheme for botanic gardens and for naming the trees, and when I went to him in regard to having the trees in city parks named he at once agreed to it, and with his co-operation this year we labelled trees in Queen's Park, Allan Gardens, University Grounds, etc. We propose to have a tree map to be placed in the public buildings, so that visitors may visit the parks and examine the trees and know what they are unusual specimens and Canadian forms. The tin labels put on by the University have lost their usefulness, and will have to be replaced. The labels in the future will be more durable. Biological science is wholly taught out of text-books, and should be taught in minute microscopic sections of no use to an elementary class whatever. All nature is lying around them. There should be a duplication of this educational aspect in the parks and cities and towns outside of Toronto. This educational aspect works out in this way: landscape artists and others could see a sample of a particular tree or hedge, and in that way ordinary people would learn about the trees and decorate their homes, and we thus get back to the utilitarian standpoint, even in education. Education has been diverse from everyday life; it will be a good thing when they get closer together. President Eliot is perhaps the greatest exponent to-day of University education, and he states that "no subject unless it was fundamentally utilitarian could be of cultural value or could be educational." It is a big statement, but when we come to think of it President Eliot's idea is quite correct. I ask your consideration to this idea of naming trees and shrubs in parks from the standpoint of being useful to the people at large for the decoration of their homes.

CARE AND ARRANGEMENT OF LAWNS.

J. A. THORNE, NEW YORK, U.S.

In planning for a lawn one thing might as well be understood at the start. Don't imagine that you can obtain an English lawn on this side of the water; there, the grasses grow and reseed themselves, as they will not do in this climate of bright sunshine in summer often accompanied by drought, and generally followed by severe winters.

Heavy soils should be under-drained by tile laid from three to four feet under the surface, using five or six inch for the main, and either two or three inch for the branches, care being taken that the whole system has a uniform grade to the point where the drainage is to be led into the sewer or otherwise disposed of.

The ground selected for the lawn must be cleared of all roots and weeds, as far as possible, and should be ploughed and reploughed until it is well pulverised, and then thoroughly mixed by hand trenching with fifty cords of well rotted barnyard manure to the acre.

After this has been done, scatter agricultural lime at the rate of 2,000 lbs. and a standard bone meal at the rate of 1800 lbs. to the acre on the lawn areas until the ground is nearly covered.

Carefully fork this mixture below the surface of the already fine soil.

The top soil should be at least eight inches deep, and if possible twelve, and the more it is spaded and worked the better is its condition to receive the seed.

The ideal lawn area is that with a slightly rolling surface, although the small lawns as seen in most of our suburbs are level with a slight grade to the front or rear in harmony with the general slope of the land.

The ground after being prepared should stand through several rains before being seeded and then be carefully raked.

The seeding should be done by hand with the following mixture of fancy recleaned seed seventy-five pounds to the acre.

25 lbs of Rhode Island Bent.

20 lbs. of Red Top.

25 lbs. of Kentucky Blue Grass.

5 lbs of White Clover.

Canadian Blue is often used but does not seem to give as good results as the Kentucky Blue.

After seeding, all areas should be carefully raked and then well rolled.

It is well when seeding in the spring, especially on slopes, to add a few pounds of clean white oats to the grass mixture as oats grow quickly with quite large roots and afford considerable protection to the young grass while it is getting its start.

I always lay a border of sod from twelve to fifteen inches wide to make a margin to all paths and drives as otherwise it is almost impossible to get a sharp and clean edge to same during the first year. I also sod all sharp slopes, keeping the sod in position until rooted by pegging with wooden pins about eight inchs long through the corners.

A new lawn should not be cut after seeding until the grass has reached a height of three inches or more, then a scythe should be used in preference to a lawn mower. By doing this you will not cut too close to the roots. Leave the cut grass on the lawn to act as a mulch.

After the first cutting the lawn mower may be used once in ten days, but be sure the knives are sharp, as the grass will be tender during the first season.

In extremely hot weather it is better to cut once in three weeks as this helps to keep the lawn from burning.

A new lawn should be thoroughly rolled after each cutting. The heavier the roller the better as it tends to make the roots firmer.

Towards fall the lawn can be cut closer but the last cutting should not take place later than the latter part of September.

Late in the fall a dressing of well rotted farmyard manure should be spread and allowed to remain all winter and thoroughly raked in in the spring.

Often-times at this time there will be noticed small depressions in places. These can be remedied by cutting the sod over same with a sharp spade, raising it and scattering a sufficient quantity of top soil beneath to raise to the proper level replacing sod and going over the area with a heavy roller.

It is best to do your cutting on a cloudy day as the sun does not strike with all its force until the grass has got a new start.

Water thoroughly evenly if it is only once a week, as surface sprinkling is not of much use except to check the evaporation from the surface of the ground for a short time.

When you water use plenty, so that it will soak into the ground several inches and nourish the roots of the grass. Lay your hose on the ground allowing the water to flow freely changing the location about every hour. The best time to wet your lawn is in the early evening.