INGROWING TOE-NAIL.

FOR that very painful affection, ingrowing nail, the following treatment is very strongly recommended:

1. Remove all pressure from nail by cutting away a piece of the shoe.

may not be able to hinder people in general from being helpless and vulgar,—from letting themselves fall into slavery to things about them, if they are rich, or from aping the habits and vices of the rich if they are poor. But, as he says, we may live simple, manly lives ourselves, speaking our own

3. Apply a drop of strong solution of cocain in the base of the ulcer.

4. Apply a drop of Monsell's solution to the ulcer, then cover loosely with gauze. Repeat this process every second day until the edge of the nail is released by the retraction of the hypertrophied tissue. The patient suffers no pain from the application, and all pain has disappeared the second day. The cure is effected in a week or two without inconvenience or interference with business.

MODERN FAWNING BEFORE WEALTH.

EDWIN MARKHAM, in "Success."

THE chief evil, nowadays, lies in the wellnigh universal fawning and cowering before wealth, in the blind scramble for fortune or favor. We are taught to act a part, when we should embody a principle. We stoop over and walk on all fours, when we should stand erect, remembering the stars above

us.

Many of the hangers-on of the millionaire are mere fawners and flatterers seeking to push their way into the social swim. Other classes who bend at his feet are working people, who are dependent on him for food and shelter.

What is the way out of this social tangle? The answer is not clear. But one thing is certain we all need a keener sense of values. We need to set up character (not money) as the one ideal of life that is best worth while.

Thomas Hughes said, long ago, that we

our own work, whatever that may be. We shall remain gentlemen as long as we follow these rules, even if we have to sweep a crossing for a livelihood. But we shall not remain gentlemen, in anything but the name, if we depart from these rules, though we may be set to govern a kingdom.

The mortal bane in all this money-worship, this toadyism and time-serving, is the effect it has on the soul of the toady and time-server. It calls his attention away from the real and the permanent in life to the false and the fleeting. It robs him of the idea that character is the chief glory of man. Character is the one thing whose foundations go down to the world's granite; and when to character we add culture, we come into an inheritance more durable than time and richer than the kingdoms of the world.

Pluck always wins,
Though days be slow
And night be dark,

Twixt days that come and go,
Still pluck will win;
Its average is sure.
He gains the prize

Who can the most endure;
Who faces the issues, he
Who never shirks,
Who waits and watches,
And who always works.

THE man who wakes in the morning and finds the world shouting his praise, you may depend upon it, did a long, hard day's work before he lay down to undisturbed slumber the night before.-Success.

NOTHING can be more detrimental to the progress of any movement than the belief in its satisfactory solution. It seems to me that this is especially the fact with those whose daily occupation brings them in contact with believers in physical training. Their teaching in the schools, their companionship with gymnasts, their frequent conversations with friends of the cause leads them to assume that bodily education is universally acknowledged to be a necessity. If they, however, step outside of their immediate circle and mingle with the great mass of the people, they will soon perceive how illusive such a belief is. For, while educators and the educated will not assent to their assertions, and while the great mass does not see any reasons for opposition, they cannot help seeing the great indifference of the general public to the demand of a general participation in bodily training. Some gymnastic societies may boast of a large attendance of the children and of young men and women, but what are these in comparison with the many who never enter through our doors? We may witness the college and university teams engaging in hot contests for the laurels of athletic sports, but the very fact that there are thousands of idle spectators should convince us that we are far from having accomplished our aim. We may proudly point out certain public schools where children receive daily gymnastic instruction under the supervision of teachers

*Read before the New Haven Physical Education Society, January 16, 1902, and republished from Mind and Body.

or supervisors, but there are many more schools that refuse to fall in line, and the make-shift of instruction that is being practised in others should convince us that we still stand outside the gates of the promised land.

This promised land, as we see it, must not merely be brought to acknowledge the necessity of physical training, but in it must live the spirit of which Pestalozzi wrote more than a hundred years ago, and which must be made universally active and fruit bearing in households, in schools, in the fields, in Sunday sports, and in amusements, as it already is in the Alps and at the shepherds' festivals. It must appear in the opinion of the people concerning their corporeal requirements and in their care for them. The attainment of this object is entirely impossible unless there is awakened in the young, from childhood up, and made universal a lofty, active, and independent sentiment of bodily power; and this will, of itself, inspire the child to all that which is desirable for the salvation of the nation.

We should, as the representative educators and as believers in such an awakening of physical training, instead of boastfully declaring what has been done, clearly understand what has not been done, so that we may become able to employ the proper means that lead us on to success. The often heard lamentation over the neglect of physical training, if we were truly to review the existing social condition of our people, is more timely at present and will more justify

the alarm about the indifference of the masses than it did in the life-time of our great teachers who, a hundred years ago, sounded the first alarm. "Manufacturing labor is undermining the physical strength of our people," says Pestalozzi. "Stand up there, boy, at the carding-table; girl, sit at the cotton-machine or the embroidering machine; spread your colors from morning to night; or turn your wheel, or sew from morning to night; and I will pay you more than can a farmer or his wife for hoeing and grubbing. Thus our poor have been addressed for the last fifty years; but they were not told that this one-sided sort of occupation would make them crippled and sickly. They were not told, when the cotton manufacturer ceased to prosper, when power looms were invented, when embroidery went out of fashion, that they would be left with distorted hands, weakened bones, and injured digestion, and unfit to learn any other manufacture or to use the bill or the axe; in short that they would live out their old age as worn-out and hungry beggars."

Short-sighted Pestalozzi! The cotton manufacture has not gone out of existence; thousands of other machines have been invented besides the power loom, and embroidery is not out of fashion, but thousands of fashions have come to us and disappeared since your days! And in his own days Pestalozzi could say that men looked more like ghosts than like men! And Jahn exclaimed: "The sins of an earlier rude and thoughtless age have now been more or less visited upon every man!"

I will not asesrt in this place that the evil wrought by the present social standard of living is underestimated. In this respect In this respect the medical profession bears powerful witness. But it must be conceded as an unmistakable truth that the indifference of the people as a whole is as pronounced to-day as it was a hundred or more years ago. I shall not argue the point whether civilized man is physically degenerated or not. It may, however, be taken as an established fact that many diseases of former times, that would have led men to an untimely death, have

lost their destructive virulence through the greater enlightenment of the masses and better scientific sanitation of the dwellings. On the other hand, the pathologist can tell us that "the sins of our rude and thoughtless age are now visiting upon every man," that the truly healthy person is not in our midst any more.

It is utterly inconceivable to me that you and I should be engaged to teach physical training, or, that you and I should be believers in it, if you and I should not also feel it a duty to do all in our power to impress this nation that her future prosperity rests upon the physical training of all the people. When we review the propaganda on this behalf from the time Jahn's pupils Lieber and Follen, who taught at Harvard, up to the present day, we must come to the conclusion that all these efforts were, as regards the nation as an entirety, but of little avail. We have physical training in the public schools of a few hundred towns and cities. The amount of time spent in those schools is ridiculously insufficient for training the child. As a rule ten minutes are daily devoted to it and even this much depends largely upon the caprice of the teacher. (In Germany the law provides three hours a week of physical training in all her schools). Then the material used in our schools is but a make-shift of a system, entirely inadequate to train the body rationally. In most of the secondary schools we can hardly speak of any uniform system of physical training. Sports, athletics, and some bodily exercise by those whose natural health impels them to participate, constitute the work done. The great majority of pupils either refrains from all systematic bodily exercise, or takes it up in a desultory fashion. The higher schools of learning have, in some instances, organized classes, but in most of them there is not adopted any well planned course. Outside of the schoolage we may hardly speak of any physical training in its proper sense. Sport and athletics are practised by comparatively few, and these few belong to a class of whom it cannot be said that they furnish the life

blood of a nation. The physical training classes of the Y. M. C. A. do not admit boys of less than ten or twelve years, and entirely refuse admission to girls and women. The athletic societies, as a rule, have no teachers. who instruct entire classes, and are mostly willing to take up athletics or sports for the few only. The turner societies of this country are the only organizations that maintain schools for both sexes, that admit children at school-age and continue the work over a period of years sufficient to truly educate physically. These societies are likewise the only ones that really attend to educational gymnastics. The immense good that has been spread by the turners to keep up the enthusiasm for bodily education and their maintenance of schools for both sexes at great expense and sacrifices can never be overestimated. But what does all their work and all the work combined of all other schools and societies amount to when we consider the great mass of the people that stand aloof?

Again there are quite a number of people who believe in bodily education and who advocate sports and athletics. They consider them to be sufficient for the training of the body. Some claim that an out-door life in the fields and woods is ample exercise to counteract the evil effects of indoor-life. Others again claim that games and plays possess all that is necessary to strengthen the body. Of all these well meaning people I can only say that they confound physical exercise with physical training. While it cannot be doubted that athletics and sports have accomplished immense good and no harm; while out-door life in the fields and woods will be of great benefit to those who live in crowded cities; while games and plays are powerful helps to bring health to the body, all of these modes of exercise do not form a systematic training that will benefit all the nation.

What, then, is necessary to bring about a general awakening? To answer this question we may find some hints in the history of gymnastics.

The ancient Hellenes practised gymnas

tics, as it were, from a spontaneous impulse intensified by religious belief. But the comparison of this antique nation with our present generation will hardly satisfy us with the existing conditions. We consider, for instance, the education of women as of equal importance to that of men. The Grecians refused to recognize the education of women as a state affair. The Grecians, that is, the male citizens, were as free of the cares of securing a livelihood as no other nation has ever been. The struggle for life in our time is the most decisive factor in all affairs of man. But there is another very important fact to be recorded that may give us some advice. When the Grecian states lost their independence; when they became subject to the all powerful Rome; when gymnastics was no longer a state affair, the Greeks formed societies to cultivate it. And it is due to these societies that for many centuries the love of physical exercises was kept alive in the people.

Since then we find with no other people gymnastics in such general practice as it had been with the Greeks. Those that took part in any physical exercises were a favored few who for their own welfare and selfish purposes remained enthused adepts. In modern time all the efforts of the enthusiasts in education, Locke, Montaigue, Bacon, Rousseau, Basedow, Gutsmuth, Vieth, Pestalozzi, and many more, were not able to revive a national love of rational gymnastics.

It must not be said, however, that their efforts have not done much good. Erroneous as the free movement system of Pestalozzi is, it found an enthusiastic friend and advocate in Friedrich Friesen, the ideal type of a turner, who became the associate of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, the father of modern gymnastics. Though the teaching of Gutsmuth was mostly confined to the schools of the Philanthropists, Pehr Henrik Ling also became inspired by its benefits. and he created his own peculiar system. We may well understand that human thought. no matter how deeply felt, needs time for growth; it grows differently in different

climates and countries, and is differently shaped and developed by different people. Jahn uttered a gem of wisdom when he said: "Physical training is a subject of universal human interest, and it is important wherever mortal men live upon earth. But its special form and discipline is a peculiar growth according to the requirements of nationality, and racial differentiation. It will assume its particular form conditioned by time and national culture, by the influences of climate, locality, country, and nation. It is intimately conected with the people and country and must remain in the closest relations with them. Nor can it prosper except among an independent people; it is appropriate only to free men. A slave's body is a constraint and a prison to the human soul."

Many a time I have thought of these words of Jahn, this man of the people, who took the boys to the Hasenheide to prepare them for their fatherland's liberation from the oppression of Napoleon. Where in our time is the teacher who will take the boys of the people to prepare them for the battles of life that are to be fought?

The history of these pupils of Jahn, the German turners, may instruct us in what is necessary for the welfare of our country. For, is it not very significant that these turners, when the Governments of the German principalities became hostile to the practise of gymnastics, relied upon their own strength, united in societies and sustained their noble art? Though persecuted by the governments whose very liberators from oppression they had just proved to be, nothing could induce them to abandon their practice of turning. They kept alive the interest in it among the people and in the course of time became the very centres of gymnastic activity, conquering all prejudices and forcing the governments to recognize physical training as a part of national education. At the present time there are thousands of societies in Germany, comprising more than 600,000 members, and it is chiefly, if not wholly, due to these societies

that gymnastics holds such a prominent part in German education.

A like comparison instituted for this country wil show the equally valuable work of the German turners here. Many were the efforts made by influential persons to arouse a public interest in physical training, but they brought about no lasting consequences. Dio Lewis and many other eminent advocates in different localities of the United States have tried to awaken the American people to embody physical training in their school curricula. Many have attempted to arouse an interest in so-called systems of physical training, as military drills, Delsarte physical culture, etc. But all these efforts were futile in the end. The German TurnVerein alone, for the last fifty years, have kept up a systematic propaganda, and to their efforts is due the largest share, if not all, of the recognition physical training has found in this country.

But with all the credit due to these TurnVerein they do not occupy the same place relative to this country as do the German societies in Germany. They are neither by organization nor by sentiment representative of the American people; they are not intimately related with the people and country, and do not constitute an organic part of national life. For this reason, I say, we need an American gymnastic society in every hamlet, town, and city of our land.

Some one may reply that we do have societies that believe in physical training, or, at least in sport and athletics. But our own Dr. Sargent of Cambridge, recently characterized these associations as follows: "The great city athletic clubs, which once fostered track and field athletics, now seldom have any representatives from their own membership in the public contests and confine their attention to exploiting the athletic abilities of outsiders for the entertainment of their regular members. Some of these athletic clubs, notably in Boston, act as patrons for school and college athletes and do a great deal to encourage the practice of out-of-door sports and systematic exercise among their junior members. Many of