these city athletic clubs, like the Orange of New Jersey, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis, Providence, Pastime in Brooklyn, Manhattan in New York, Staten Island, Fitchburg, Nationals of Louisville, Philadelphia, etc., have been given up entirely or turned into social clubs."

In the first place a gymnastic society should foster all those traits of life which cannot find due expression and development in the family. In a like manner as the kindergarten prepares the child for the quasi social life with his mates in the elementary school, just so the gymnastic society should continue to lead the child into the larger outside world by means of social gatherings of the families. These the state does not provide. True, the public school is, in this regard, to be considered as a preparatory institution, too, but its range is limited. In the school the child is feeling to exist merely as an unwilling member of a political community; the gymnastic society, however, brings him to its hall as a representative and constituent of the family and household. There is no better opportunity for the child than the gymnastic school of a society that could foster the bonds which should unite it with its comrades. Here, in the more earnest and, at the same time, more joyful work than that of the kindergarten or of the school, in the gymnasium with its educational system of physical exercises are formed friendships that last for life. Here the girls and boys are taught the moral lessons, too numerous to recount in this place, that we have always claimed to be implanted through a good gymnastic instruction.

In the second place the gymnastic society extends its influence over the child beyond the years of school-life. The child, on leaving the schoolbench and entering upon the graver task of earning a livelihood, has hardly ever had opportunities to become acquainted with the society that is awaiting him. The gymnastic society in which he has spent part of his childhood also provides occasion to form acquaintances with the actors of the real life outside of his narrow family circle. He there meets with older

persons, he sees them occupied with congenial efforts in the gymnasium, he even takes part in their society-gatherings where he fulfils his own organic duties.

It is the future gymnastic society of the American nation that I confide will arouse a general awakening for physical education, that is composed of the families of the masses who see in their co-operation the means to provide for that physical life for which neither the state nor the individual family makes provision at the present time.

Arising from among the families of the masses such an interest cannot fail to ingratiate the most indifferent. Something that we wish to become part of our national life must be carried into the life of the family. The American gymnastic societies must become the nurseries of the cause of physical training, and it is my firm belief that we cannot make any real progress in the general awakening for physical training until they have become as universal in our country as there are social communities in it.

In Dr. Sargent's article, above mentioned, the latter sums up his arguments in the following true words to which in the main I can conscientiously subscribe, although he may not point out the same remedy that I have proposed to-night:

"Taking all the sports, games, and wellestablished forms of exercise into consideration, it is safe to affirm that they represent millions of invested capital and affect the lives of millions of our people. The amount of money which a people is willing to spend in the furtherance of a movement is a pretty good indication of its value in its estimation, though, if judged from an educational point of view, this estimate would probably be considerably discounted. If we were to estimate the value of the century's efforts in physical training by the effects produced, the problem would be a difficult one on account of the many factors involved, and the increasing number of influences that tend to neutralize all the good that might be derived from systematic physical exercise. Bicycling, lawn tennis, and golf have been especially valuable to our women, inducing

many to exercise who never exercised before. These three sports have probably done more to overcome the evils of tight clothing than a whole century of preaching and lecturing on this subject. Boxing, football, basketball, and other antagonistic games have done a great deal to lessen the evils of over-refinement and excessive sentimentality, and they may be conducted in such a way as to develop a firm character and a manly spirit. But there are certain inclinations connected with the development of competitive sports and antagonistic games that are not only detrimental to physical training in its best sense, but are also demoralizing our youth and the public in general."

This is, to my mind, the true genesis of all the failures. All these efforts sprang more or less from selfish ends, i. e. from the love of individual amusement, and the altruistic social feature was lacking. The athletic associations, the Y. M. C. A.,, the hundreds of classes and clubs for one or the other kind of physical exercise, had in view only some one-sided object; they never considered physical training in the light of national education. They lack as much the ennobling feature of bringing good to the whole nation as does, e. g., the practice of horseback-riding.

I know of several athletic associations, one in Boston, another in Joliet, Ill., etc., which have engaged splendid instructors, but for whom? For the members only. The one in Boston numbers among its members some of the wealthiest men of that city, the one in Joliet is composed of the workingmen of a large steel plant. How easy would it have been for either of these societies to form a gymnastic society that might, through its gymnastic instruction, simultaneously benefit the boys, girls, and women of their own households!

Is it not quite natural that in the practice of athletics and sports of the young men and women we should notice certain shortcomings that might have been avoided or at least lessened if they had enjoyed gymnastic

instruction at an age when the moral effect of physical training in the gymnasium was sure to prepare them for judicious work? Says Dr. Sargent: "A high spirit of emulation breeds rivalries and enmities, it often stirs up bad blood and leads to the establishment of more or less permanent factions which may work great harm to a school or club." Dr. Sargent has been a frequent observer of the tournaments of the North American Turnerbund. No more earnest contests for glory are fought anywhere than at the national festivals, and he may have been highly impressed when noticing that the boys were content with diplomas and laurel wreaths, and that an unqualified spirit of brotherhood exists among these gymnasts. This ideal zest of an ennobling emulation for prizes could only be implanted by long years of practice in the gymnasium.

To form the true American gymnastic society should be the aim of the most earnest efforts on the part of all friends of physical training. Its organization should be entrusted to the hands of those who see in the fostering of physical training a means second to none in the education of the nation whose future prosperity may then safely be trusted to be well taken care of by our physically as well as mentally educated children and children's children.

VISITOR--“And was your husband good and kind to you during your long illness?"

Parishioner-"O, yes, miss, 'e just was kind; 'e was more like a friend than a 'usband."-The Tatler.

THE fair, the chaste, the unexpressive doormat.-Shakespeare.

OXIDATION.

IT is the explicit teaching of physiology that the amount of oxidation taking place in the system, at any given time, is greatly influenced by the state of the external temperature. It is at its maximum when the external temperature is from forty to fifty degrees below that of the body, so that the heat, interiorly produced, radiates freely into the surrounding air. When the external temperature equals or exceeds that normal to the body, a powerful incentive to oxidation is lacking. The result is not only a diminished amount of vital heat, but a notable deficiency of other necessary forms of chemical energy inseparably associated with heat production. Hence to subject the body to a degree of heat sufficient, in any form, to induce perspiration, instead of increasing the production of eliminative matter, positively lessens it. Cold, on the contrary, promotes oxidation by inciting muscular action, thereby making an increased. demand for the chemical union of oxygen for the double purpose of the heat constantly lost by evaporation, and of preparing new, nutritive material to take the place of that destroyed by the muscular effort it (the cold) has induced.-Charlotte Med. Jour.

ANOTHER FORTY DAYS' FAST.

IT is claimed that Thomas Morrin, chief engineer at the Mills Building of San Francisco, fasted forty days on account of dyspepsia, and continued his vocation. He lost 35 pounds in weight. Dr. D. Albert Hiller, of IOII Sutter street, San Francisco, vouches for Morrin's fast. Morrin drank large quantities of water. On the third day of his fast he became exceedingly hungry, after the fifth day the violent hunger ceased. He became somewhat weak but not to such an extent that he could not attend to his business.

DISINFECTION FOR MOSQUITOES.

DR. M. J. ROSENAU, Director of the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Marine Hospital Service, after a series of careful experiments with formaldehyd and with sulphur dioxid, concludes that the latter is unexcelled in the disinfection for mosquitoes. He has found that formaldehyd gas is a very weak insecticide, but that it may be rendered effective when a large volume is liberated in a short time. On the other hand, very dilute atmospheres of sulphur dioxid gas kill mosquitoes quickly. Unlike formaldehyd gas, it has remarkable powers of penetrating all kinds of fabrics, even killing mosquitoes that are hidden under four layers of toweling in one hour's time. As a result of his investigations Dr. Rosenau strongly recommends the use of sulphur dioxid gas for disinfection against yellow fever, malaria, filariasis and all other diseases carried by insects.-Am. Medicine.

Prof. Becquerel reports that he carried in his waistcoat pocket for several periodsamounting to about six hours in all-a cardboard box enclosing a sealed glass tube containing a few grains of radio-active barium chloride. In ten days a red mark, corresponding to the tube, was apparent on the skin. Inflammation followed, the skin peeled off and left a suppurating sore which did not heal for a month. On a second occasion a similar experience resulted from carrying a tube of the same sort. Other experimenters have had similar experiences. It is to be remembered that the energy of these radio-active emanations, whatever they are, is given continuously and, so far as we now know, eternally without any corresponding increment of energy from any known source. The perpetual motion seems to be realized in a novel form. The most interesting problem of science, at the present time, is to discover what is the source of the emitted rays, and the exact nature of the emanations.

SHE HAS CONFIDENCE IN HER CUSTOMERS.

POSSIBLY the youngest proprietor of a successful business in the United States is Mary Elizabeth Evans, of Syracuse, New York. She is fifteen years old and sells more candy than any six of the other retail dealers in Syracuse. She prepared the way for her trade by having a booklet printed which consisted of testimonials from physicians who had bought her candy. Another of her original plans was a show case at which all customers helped themselves. In the case were neat boxes of candy, and at one end were double doors. Swinging from one of the doors was a sign which read, "Open these doors. Take what you wish. Leave price of goods taken. Make your own change from my till. I trust to a customer's honor." This girl has remarkable business ability, and has great confidence in her patrons.-March Success.

THE middle-aged man who has explored life to weariness and whom novels will no longer stir may find, says London Outlook, his sense of mystery and wonder excited anew by the account of discoveries in buried Egypt. Prof. Flinders Petrie, who has devoted his life to exploration of the soil and research into the history of that ancient land, completed last week a series of highly instructive and suggestive lectures at the Royal Institution. Long-buried tombs of ancient kings have been discovered and explored, and, although in nearly all cases these have been previously pillaged in the Roman age, enough of their contents remains unbroken or overlooked till now to afford ground for reconstructing, in outline at least, a wonderful and unsuspected civilization. When we are shown, for example, specimens of goldsmith's work dating from 4.750 years before the Christian era, which have never been surpassed since in technical skill, working of designs, variety of form, and perfection of soldering, we are sobered

somewhat in our belief that the process of time means progress and that the present is the best and noblest era of civilization. We are proud, for instance, of the products of modern steam spinning and weaving. Yet the linen woven 6,000 years ago was finer in thread and closer in web than our finest cambric.

HERE are a few telegraphy statistics: France has a population of 38,517,975; 79,443 miles of line; 400,590 miles of wire; 12,460 offices; 70,269 employees; sends 42,490,048 messages per year; has 96 persons to each mile of wire; 0.01 mile of wire to each person. For Great Britain the corresponding figures are: 40,276,570; 43,507; 308,486; 10,816; 159,942; 90,087,720; 130; 0.0076. For the United States the figures are: 75,997,687; 222,587; 1,118,086; 25,609; not reported; 79,696,227; 491; 0.0147. The United States have two-thirds as many miles of wire as all the principal countries of Europe and send about 24 per cent. of all the messages despatched. Each person in the United States has 0.0147 mile of wire to use while in thickly populated England he has 0.0076; Belgium, 0.0031; Denmark, 0.0041; France, 0.0104, and in Russia only 0.0014.

TYPHOID FEVER.

DR. AMOUR, in Health, recently criticised many of the various forms of treatment formerly and at present in vogue, and stated that he believed there were only a few drugs that were efficacious in the treatment of the disease. He based his theory of treatment on the relations of the secretion of the alimentary canal. He referred to Ringer's law: The alkaline saliva stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, and acid gastric juice stimulates the alkaline intestinal secretions. These conditions were seriously disturbed in typhoid fever; the mouth became dry, and, on account of saliva being suppressed in a measure, the secretion of gastric juice was diminished, partly through the effect of the fever and partly through the withdrawal of the stimulants of the saliva and the food. The intestinal glands suffered in a similar way, so that those in the lower part of the ileum were irritated and an increased flow of the alkaline secretion of this part of the bowel took place, the diseased part being bathed in an excessively alkaline solution which favored the ulcerating process; and in this alkaline medium the virus of typhoid thrived best. Hence the value of hydrochloric acid and of purgatives. By the use of the latter, the flow of gastric juice, intestinal secretion, and bile, natural antiseptics, was increased. These, bathing the diseased part, would wash away the noxious accumulations. He did not place much reliance on the antiseptic treatment. He condemned the use of turpentine.

蛋蛋

POEMS as revised by Mrs. Clara Hoffman. (Who says that "women are and always have been but doormats and dishwashers for men.")

How happy could I be with either
Were t'other dear doormat away.

-Gay.

ALL highly seasoned dishes are not directly indigestible, and the fact that they sometimes give no trouble to the eater is cited in support of their merits. But the condiments they contain have, upon the overtaxed stomach, the effect of spurs upon a jaded horse. They quicken his speed, but it is at the expense of his staying powers. He makes a spurt, and possibly wins, but he is more than likely to be broken down before his time. That food does not at once disagree with one, in the crass sense of the word, does not mean that it has done no harm. The stomach may have had sufficient strength to respond to the demand upon it, but there has been too heavy a draft made upon its reserve-a draft that means a future deficit. Many a fine digestion has been wrecked by youthful imprudence, and a man who, as a child, could eat anything, is likely, at thirty, to be able to eat nothing without discomfort.-Success.

So many housewives desire the recipe for the popular nut bread, as served in the fashionable Chicago tearooms, that the writer sends the same, secured with great difficulty. Scald half a cup of milk. Add one-half cup of boiling water, and, when lukewarm, three-fourths of a cake of compressed yeast softened in three tablespoons of lukewarm water, half a tablespoon each of lard and butter, two tablespoons of molasses, one cup of nut meats (preferably pecans or English walnuts), one half cup of white flour and enough entire wheat flour to knead. Finish and bake as ordinary bread. Let stand twentyfour hours if sandwiches are desired; cut in thin slices and in fanciful shapes, if preferred. Spread with butter and put together in pairs, with currant jelly or orange marmalade between, they become the famous Noisette sandwiches.-Mrs. William H. Martin in Good Housekeeping.—[Why not double the quantity of butter and leave out the lard?-ED. GAZETTE.]