4. O Freedom! thou are not, as poets dream,
A fair young girl, with light and delicate limbs,
And wavy tresses gushing from the cap

With which the Roman master crowned his slave
When he took off the gyves. A bearded man,
Armed to the teeth, art thou; one mailed hand
Grasps the broad shield, and one the sword; thy brow,
Glorious in beauty though it be, is scarred

With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs

Are strong with struggling. Power at thee has launched
His bolts, and with his lightnings smitten thee;

They could not quench the life thou hast from heaven.
- W. C. Bryant.

(12) Why did Washington cross the Delaware? Did he gain an advantage by doing so? With the aid of your history, write an account of this event. Be sure that all inflected nouns are in proper form.

SUMMARY OF NOUNS

I. Kinds:

1. Proper (67, 69), Common (68, 69)

a. Collective (70)

b. Abstract (71)

2. Compound (72), Phrasal (73, 74)

II. Inflectional Forms:

1. Gender (76, 77)

a. Masculine

b. Feminine

c. Neuter

2. Number (78-88)

a. Singular
b. Plural

3. Case (89-97)

a. Nominative

b. Objective

c. Possessive

III. Grammatical Uses:

1. Nominative (90)

a. Subject

b. Subjective Complement (Predicate Nominative)

c. Nominative of Address

d. Nominative of Exclamation

e. Nominative Absolute

2. Objective (91)

a. Direct Object

b. Objective Complement
c. With a Preposition
d. Indirect Object

e. Adverbial Objective

f. Secondary Object (161)

g. Retained Object (169)
h. Subject of Infinitive (213)

i. Predicate of Infinitive (213)

3. Possessive: Possessive Modifier (94)

4. Any Case: Appositive Nouns (97)

CHAPTER II

PRONOUNS

100. Antecedent of a Pronoun. We have learned (14) that a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. A pronoun always stands for a word or group of words, either expressed or understood; thus,

John hurt himself.

Who told you this?

Himself stands for the noun John; who, you, and this each stands for a word not expressed. The word or group of words for which a pronoun stands is called the antecedent of the pronoun, the term antecedent meaning "going before."

The antecedent of a pronoun is the word or group of words for which it stands.

While a

102. How a Pronoun Differs from a Noun. pronoun may have most of the grammatical uses of a noun, there is this essential difference between the two: a noun is a name; a pronoun is only a substitute for a A pronoun merely represents something that has been previously named or that is pointed out at the time.

name.

Again, while an adjective modifier may be placed immediately before a noun, it is rarely so placed before a pronoun. For example, we may say "a beautiful

woman," but not "a beautiful she"; "a handsome man," but not "a handsome he."

103. Some Words either Adjectives or Pronouns. Some words this, that, many, few, some, all, any, which, etc. may be either adjectives or pronouns; thus,

Adjectives

This knife is George's.
Which book is Henry's?

Many people believe the report.

Pronouns

This is George's knife.
Which is Henry's book?
Many believe the report.

As here shown, this, that, many, few, etc., are adjectives when they are directly joined to the noun modified; are pronouns when they are separated from the noun modified, or when they stand alone.

EXERCISE 76

Tell whether the following italicized words are adjectives or pronouns and give a reason with each :

Personal Pronouns

105. Personal Pronouns Defined. Note these examples:

May I tell you what he thinks about it?

I shows by its form that it denotes the speaker; you, that it denotes the person spoken to; he, that it denotes the person spoken of; it, that it denotes the thing spoken of. A pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of, is called a personal pronoun.

A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of.

A pronoun that denotes the speaker is of the first person.

A pronoun that denotes the person spoken to is of the second person.

A pronoun that denotes the person or thing spoken of is of the third person.

EXERCISE 77

Point out the personal pronouns and tell whether each is of the first, second, or third person:

106. Declension of Personal Pronouns. - Personal

pronouns are declined as follows: