b. Pronominals (141) (1) Demonstrative (2) Interrogative (3) Relative (4) Indefinite (5) Intensive and Identifying c. Numerals (142) (1) Cardinals (2) Ordinals II. Comparison (143–147): 1. Degrees (143, 147): Positive, Comparative, Superlative 2. Methods of Comparison (144, 145) a. By Inflection (144, 1) b. By Using More and Most (144, 2) c. Irregular (145) III. Grammatical Uses - Relations (148): 1. Adherent Modifier 2. Appositive Modifier 3. Predicate Modifier: Subjective Complement, Objective Complement We have learned (17) that an adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs may be classified according to meaning, use, or form. 151. Adverbs Classified According to Meaning. Adverbs, if classified according to meaning, are of the following kinds : (1) Adverbs of time; as, Now he strikes. (2) Adverbs of place; as, Here we are, John. (7) Modal adverbs, or adverbs denoting certainty, uncertainty, or negation: as, I will surely come; Perhaps he will go; She did not arrive. Yes and no are sometimes called responsives. They are used in replying to questions, and may stand for an entire assertion: as, Will you go? - Yes (I will go); Did you call? — No (I did not call). As these words were formerly adverbs, they are still so classed. EXERCISE 112 Classify the adverbs in Exercise 13 according to meaning. Model for written exercise: I was so tired that I could not get here sooner. Time Place Manner Degree Cause Numeral sooner here SO Modal not 152. Adverbs Classified According to Use. Adverbs, if classified according to use, are of the following kinds : (1) Interrogative adverbs; as, Where is he? Interrogative adverbs, like interrogative pronouns, may introduce either direct or indirect questions (123); as, When did you see him? (Direct question.) Tell us when you saw him. (Indirect question.) (2) Relative adverbs; as, Here is the place where (at which) we stopped. Relative adverbs, like relative pronouns, introduce subordinate clauses, and refer to an antecedent expressed or omitted. If the antecedent is expressed, the clause is adjectival (53); if the antecedent is omitted, the clause is adverbial (54); It happened on the day before you came. ifying the noun day.) thus, (Adjectival clause mod It happened before you came. (Adverbial clause modifying the verb happened.) The principal relative adverbs are when, whenever, while, as, since, before, after, till, until, where, whence, whither, why, how. Relative adverbs are also called conjunctive adverbs. EXERCISE 113 Point out the interrogative and relative adverbs; tell whether each subordinate clause is an indirect question, an adjectival clause, or an adverbial clause: 1. How did he do it? 2. Tell us how he did it. 3. Where did he land? 4. I have found out where he landed. 5. I know the very spot where he landed. 6. I have stood where he landed. 7. Why does iron rust? 8. I know why iron rusts. 10. It grew cold after I came. 12. Please wait until we are 153. Adverbs Classified According to Form. - Adverbs, if classified according to form, are of the following kinds : (1) Simple adverbs, or adverbs not formed from other words; as, so, how, thus, here, not, etc. (2) Derivative adverbs, or adverbs formed from other words by adding a prefix or suffix; as, afoot, slowly, etc. The largest class of adverbs is made up of those ending in ly. They are derived mostly from adjectives, especially descriptive adjectives. Some words ending in ly are adjectives, not adverbs; as, manly, godly, lordly, lively, friendly, costly, comely, etc. Such adjectives do not have corresponding adverbs. We say "in a manly way," etc. A few adverbs have two forms, which differ somewhat in meaning: as, hard, hardly; late, lately; most, mostly; near, nearly; etc. Some words may be either adverbs or adjectives without a change in form;* as, far, fast, well, ill, much, little, etc., thus: I walked far. We ran fast. You sing well. (Adverbs.) *After the old adverbial suffix ë dropped out of use, many adverbs and adjectives became for a time identical in form. A few such words still remain, though adverbs of manner now generally end in ly. (3) Compound adverbs, or adverbs formed by uniting two (rarely more) words; as, indeed, forever, nowadays, etc. Some idiomatic adverbial phrases have the value of compound adverbs; as, (1) Name the adverbs corresponding to these adjec (2) Name an adverbial equivalent for these adjectives: costly, friendly, womanly, deadly, gentlemanly, seemly. (3) Choose between the two adverbs and find a reason to justify your choice: Adverbs, like ad 154. Comparison of Adverbs. jectives, often admit of comparison. They are compared as follows: (1) A few adverbs are compared by adding er and est; as, soon, sooner, soonest. These are adverbs of one syllable, rarely of two syllables. |