c. Adverbs of Manner

d. Adverbs of Degree
e. Adverbs of Cause
f. Numeral Adverbs
g. Modal Adverbs

2. According to Use (152)

a. Interrogative Adverbs

b. Relative Adverbs

3. According to Form (153)
a. Simple Adverbs

b. Derivative Adverbs

c. Compound Adverbs

II. Comparison (154):

1. Degrees - Positive, Comparative, Superlative

2. Methods of Comparison

a. By Inflection

b. By Using More and Most

c. Irregular

III. Grammatical Uses (155–159).

CHAPTER V

VERBS

We have learned (16) that a verb is a word which asserts action, being, or condition. We have also learned (16) that a verb may assume a compound, or phrasal, form known as a verb-phrase.

As to class, verbs are transitive or intransitive, auxiliary or notional. Intransitive verbs are complete or linking.

160. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Note the following examples:

The teacher praised James.

Henry came back yesterday.

The verb praised takes the direct object James to complete its meaning. Since the action is thought of as passing over from the doer to the receiver, it is called a transitive verb, the term transitive meaning "passing over."

The verb came is different; its meaning is complete without the addition of a direct object. A verb that does not take a direct object to complete its meaning is called an intransitive verb.

A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object to complete its meaning.

An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take a direct object to complete its meaning.

161. Verbs either Transitive or Intransitive. The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs is based upon their use in the sentence. Verbs commonly transitive may be used without an object: as, I believe; Now he sees; We understand; She writes for the papers. Verbs so used are intransitive.

Again, verbs commonly intransitive may become transitive in one of two ways:

(1) They may take as the direct object a substantive of kindred meaning to the verb, known as a cognate ("kindred ") object; as, He spoke a declamation.

(2) They may be used in a causative or factitive sense as, John flew his kite (caused his kite to fly); Mary sang herself hoarse (made herself hoarse by singing).

Sometimes the causative form is distinct from the intransitive. Note carefully the following examples:

Intransitive

Fall The leaves fall.
Lie Here, they lie.
Rise: We rise early.

Sit Here they sit.

Transitive

Fell: Come, fell the trees.
Lay Lay it down at once.
Raise Raise the window.
Set: Set the box here.

The verbs ask and teach, in addition to the direct object, take another object called the secondary object; as,

He asked me a question.

Me is the direct object; question is the secondary object.

EXERCISE 119

(1) Point out the verbs and tell whether they are transitive or intransitive:

1. He returned early.
2. He returned the book.
3. She teaches English.
4. She teaches well.

5. They called for you.
6. Who calls this a fire?
7. The tree grew fast.

8. He grows fine apples.
9. Down came the storm.
10. They seemed restless.
11. Worth makes the man.
12. Never chase a lie.

13. "The Frost looked forth."
14. Good actions ennoble us.

(2) Point out the transitive verbs in parts I and II of Exercise 23. Point out the intransitive verbs in the same exercise.

(3) Write ten sentences, using each of the following verbs first transitively, then intransitively :

hear

watch

play

recite

remember

(4) Supply the proper verb in each sentence and give a reason for your choice:

6. All hands now
7. The woodman

8. See, the oak

9. The hen

10. Herein

11. The moon

12.
13. He

(Raise, rise.)

an oak. (Falls, fells.)
(Falls, fells.)

on a dozen eggs. (Sets, sits.)
the danger. (Lays, lies.)

above the wood. (Raises, rises.)

here until I come back. (Set, sit.)

14. Canada

15. The ship

an objection to your plan. (Raises, rises.)
to our north. (Lays, lies.)

at anchor off the coast. (Lays, lies.)

162. Complete and Linking Verbs. Intransitive verbs are of two kinds :

(1) Complete verbs, or verbs that within themselves form a complete predication (29); as,

Now she sings.

He spoke for two hours.

(2) Linking verbs, or verbs that join the subject with a subjective complement (31); as,

He is now famous.

He grew restless after this.

Some verbs may be either complete or linking; as,
He soon appeared. (Complete.)
He appeared uneasy. (Linking.)

EXERCISE 120

Tell which of the following intransitive verbs are complete and which are linking:

1. He grew very tall.
2. He grew very fast.
3. She seems interested.
4. They marched slowly.
5. He remained faithful.
6. They sent for you.

7. God is.

8. God is love.

9. He became wealthy. 10. They fought bravely. 11. He works diligently. 12. We got very hungry.

163. Auxiliary and Notional Verbs. Note these examples:

I shall go soon.
He came yesterday.

The verb shall is used merely as a helping verb. It combines with the infinitive go to form the verb-phrase shall go, thereby helping the verb go to express a variation of its meaning. A verb that helps another verb to