Sometimes a word, without losing its identity as one part of speech, is used with the force of another; thus,

This is a gold watch. (Noun used as an adjective.)

He loves the beautiful.

(Adjective used as a noun.)
(Adverb used as a noun.)

Let us start from here.
Come on the down train.

(Adverb used as an adjective.)

EXERCISE 17

(1) Tell the part of speech of the italicized words:

1. (a) Brown the cake. 2. (a) What plant is this? 3. (a) Do you like blue? 4. (a) He is an early riser. 5. (a) Witness this, John. 6. (a) Who are those boys? 7. (a) Men honor noble deeds. 8. (a) What is your address? 9. (a) Will you not come in? 10. (a) Will you wait for me? 11. (a) He grew up very fast. 12. (a) He bought a load of brick.

(b) The cake is brown.
(b) Plant this seed.
(b) I have a blue hat.
(b) He rises early. adus·
(b) You are my witness.
(b) Those are all yours.
(b) Men esteem honor.
(b) Address the letter.
(b) He is in the house.
(b) Wait, for I am coming.
(b) He went up the street.
(b) He lives in a brick house.

13. (a) Light the lamp. (b) The light is out. (c) It is light. 14. (a) Who said that? (b) That book is mine. (c) I believe

that I am right.

15. (a) He talks much. (b) Much time is wasted. (c) Much remains to be said.

16. (a) He is an only son.

(b) She spoke only once.

only (but) do not stay long.

(c) Go,

17. (a) This is a fast train. (b) This train runs fast. (c) They fast occasionally. (d) The fast is over.

18. (a) I like this. (b) Like begets like. (c) Like causes produce like effects. (d) He runs like a deer.

19. (a) He stayed here only a short while. (b) Write to me while I am away. (c) We while away our time with reading.

20. (a) He came soon after. (b) He came after dinner. (c) He came after I came. (d) In after years he grew famous.

(2) After the manner of the foregoing exercise illustrate the use of the following words as directed:

1. Stamp as a noun and a verb.

2. Clean as an adjective and a verb.

3. Sound as a noun, an adjective, and a verb.

4. Still as a noun, an adjective, a verb, and an adverb.

NOTE. Mistakes may be made in the careless use of one part of speech for another. Note these examples: Loan me your pen (say lend); We took lunch there (say lunched or took luncheon); He writes good (say well); I am real glad (say really or very).

Certain expressions allowed in conversation or commercial language are not in good use in literary language. Note these examples: He wired me (telegraphed); We cabled them (sent them a cablegram); He clerks in a store (works or is clerk).

Verbals

Some words share in the nature of two parts of speech. This is true of certain forms of the verb known as verbals. These forms denote action, being, or condition just as the verbs from which they are derived; but they have the use of nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. There are three kinds of verbals: infinitives, participles, and gerunds.*

* Infinitives, participles, and gerunds are fully treated in Part II, Chapter V. They are introduced here merely to give a passing acquaintance with these terms. This discussion may be taken up later.

22. Infinitives. Note this example:

Mary likes to sing.

To sing shares in the nature of a verb and a noun. Like the verb sing, it denotes action, but it has the use of a noun, naming the thing that Mary likes, that is, to sing. As this form of the verb does not limit the action to a particular subject, it is called an infinitive, a term meaning " unlimited."

An infinitive can easily be recognized because of its being preceded by to as its sign, though sometimes to is omitted; as, He bade me go (to go).

In addition to its being used as a noun, an infinitive, as we shall see later, may be used as an adjective or an adverb.

23. Participles. — Note this example :

Seeing me,

he came forward.

Seeing shares in the nature of a verb and an adjective. Like the verb see it denotes action, but, instead of asserting the action of a particular subject, it has the use of an adjective modifying the pronoun he. A word sharing in the nature of a verb and an adjective is called a participle, a term meaning sharing, or participating, in.”

66

Participles commonly end in ing, ed, d, t, en, or n.

24. Gerunds.

Note this example :

On seeing me, he came forward.

Seeing shares in the nature of a verb and a noun. Like the verb see it denotes action, but, instead of asserting the action of a particular subject, it has the use

of a noun with the preposition on. A word ending in ing and sharing in the nature of a verb and a noun is called a gerund.

The difference between the gerund and the participle ending in ing lies in the use; the gerund being used as a noun, the participle being used as an adjective.

EXERCISE 18

(1) Point out the infinitives:

1. She likes to read.
2. To do this is easy.
3. We hope to be there.
4. He wishes to speak.

5. They ran to meet us.
6. Tell him to come back.
7. Be sure to call for us.
8. I am unable to answer.

(2) Point out the participles:

1. They came rushing out.
2. He stood gazing upward.
3. Hearing a noise, they sprang
to their feet.

4. The enemy fled, leaving their
baggage behind.

(3) Point out the gerunds:

1. On entering he spoke.

2. I am tired of waiting for them.

3. We can win only by holding out.

5. We saw the ship launched.
6. Do you hear them singing?
Then he entered, drawn in a
chariot.

7.

8. Frightened by the noise, the herd stampeded.

дет

4.

5.

He enjoys playing ball.
We learn to do things by
doing them.

6. Our remaining here longer depends on circumstances.

(4) Point out the infinitives, participles, and gerunds :

1. Taking his hat, he departed.

2. After taking his hat, he departed.

3. Some people are apt at making excuses.

4. He went off, threatening never to return.

5. On returning home, I found him waiting for me.
6. If you want to have friends, you must be a friend.

7. Something attempted, something done, has earned a night's repose.

8. A man has no more right to say an uncivil thing than to act one.

Note

25. Inflection. A word may undergo a change in its form to show a change in its meaning or use. these examples:

The man speaks. The men speak.

The change in the form of the word man shows a change in its meaning, for man denotes one person, men more than one person. The change in the form of the word come shows a change in its use, for come is used with the subject I, comest with the subject Thou, comes with the subject He. A change in the form of a word to show a change in its meaning or use is called inflection, a term meaning a bending."

Inflection is a change in the form of a word to show a change in its meaning or use.

EXERCISE 19

(General)

Tell the part of speech of each word in the selections on page 32.

Model for written exercise:

Noun Pro. Adj.

Verb Adv. Prep. Conj. Int.