tive, the noun time, and the verb lay, the word modified by the phrase.

2. On is a preposition introducing the adverbial prepositional phrase on this scene and showing the relation between its substantive, the noun scene, and the participle musing, the word modified by the phrase.

1. I opened my eyes at the peep of day.

2. In his hands he held a harp of gold.

3. She spoke at no time except with hope.

4. A man shows what he is by what he does.

5. Nothing is impossible to a valiant heart.

6. We did the work according to the best of our ability.

7. There is in the worst of fortune the best of chances for a happy change.

8. It was a saying of his that education is an ornament in prosperity and a refuge in adversity.

CHAPTER VII

CONJUNCTIONS

233. Conjunctions and Prepositions Compared. We have learned (19) that a conjunction is a word used to connect words or groups of words.

Conjunctions, like prepositions, sometimes consist of a phrase instead of a single word; as, in order that, so that, in case that, provided that, inasmuch as, as if, as though, etc.

Both prepositions and conjunctions are connectives, but they differ in the following respects:

(1) A preposition connects a substantive in the relation of an adjectival or adverbial modifier, with some other word; as, men of wisdom, good for all. A conjunction connects words or phrases of the same rank, or clauses of the same or different rank: as, men and women, of iron or of brass; He went but he soon came back; I will stay if you wish.

(2) A preposition is followed by the objective case of a noun or pronoun; as, for me, from him. A conjunction does not affect the case of words; as, he and I, for him and me.

234. Classes of Conjunctions. - Conjunctions are of the following classes:

(1) Coördinating conjunctions (56): as, William and Mary; for you or for me; I saw him but he did not see

me.

As here shown, coördinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or coördinate clauses. They fall into the following groups:

a. Those implying addition: and, also, besides, likewise, moreover. b. Those implying opposition: but, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, only, still, yet.

c. Those implying choice between two: or, nor, else.

d. Those denoting cause: for, hence, then, therefore.

And, but, or, nor, and for are pure conjunctions. The others grouped with these are adopted from adverbs and generally retain something of their adverbial nature.

(2) Subordinating conjunctions (55); as, I go because I am sent; I know that you are sincere.

As here shown, subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank. They fall into the following groups:

a. Those denoting cause: because, as, since, seeing that, forasmuch as, inasmuch as.

b. Those denoting condition: if, unless, in case that, provided that. c. Those denoting concession: although, though, albeit.

d. Those denoting purpose: that, in order that, so that, lest.

e. Those denoting comparison: than, as.

f. Those expressing a substantive relation: that, whether, if.

EXERCISE 169

(1) Write sentences to illustrate the use of the following coördinating conjunctions as directed:

a. And connecting (1) words, (2) phrases, (3) clauses. b. But connecting (1) words, (2) phrases, (3) clauses.

c. Or connecting (1) words, (2) phrases, (3) clauses.

d. For connecting clauses.

(2) Write sentences to illustrate the use of the following subordinating conjunctions and tell what clauses are connected by each:

235. Correlative Conjunctions. - Both coördinating and subordinating conjunctions may stand in pairs, each member of a pair answering to the other member; thus,

Give me neither poverty nor riches.

Neither implies that nor is to follow and in this way helps to connect poverty and riches. Conjunctions thus used in pairs are called correlative (“mutually relating") conjunctions.

The principal correlative conjunctions are:

The first member of a correlative conjunction is liable to be mis

placed. Note these examples:

Incorrectly Placed

He not only gave food but also clothing.

Either you must go or send.

I neither have time nor energy to waste.

Correctly Placed

He gave not only food but also clothing.

You must either go or send.

I have neither time nor energy to waste.

As here shown, the members of a correlative conjunction should be followed by the same part of speech, or by corresponding parts of the sentence.

EXERCISE 170

(1) Point out the correlative conjunctions in the following sentences and tell what they connect:

1. The work goes on both day and night.

2. He would neither go himself nor allow us to go.

3. If any of the high contracting parties breaks or disregards its covenants, then we must fly to arms.

4. The country needs not only coin but also conscience.

5. Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small.

6. Our lives are often spent either in doing nothing at all or in doing nothing to the purpose.

(2) Choose between the two arrangements and give a reason for your choice:

1. (a) It was not only wet but cold. (b) It not only was wet but cold.

2. (a) They neither had silver nor gold. (b) They had neither silver nor gold.

3. (a) Much may either be used as an adjective or an adverb. (b) Much may be used as either an adjective or an adverb.

236. Words Used as Conjunctions. The following parts of speech are used with the force of subordinating conjunctions:

(1) Interrogative pronouns introducing indirect questions (123): as, I know who he is; Tell us what you did.

(2) Relative pronouns (124): as, It was he who told me; This is the book that I want.