8. The doctor has pronounced the disease incurable.

9. After the flight of Pompey, Caesar made himself master of Italy.

10. The Convention of 1689 elected William and Mary joint sovereigns.

(3) Point out the complement in each sentence and tell whether it is subjective, objective, or direct object :

1. Nothing useless is or low.
2. How beautiful is the rain!
3. Own a fault if you are wrong.
4. The night has a thousand eyes.
5. Laziness makes all things hard.
6. A prince can make a belted knight.
7. Be ashamed to catch yourself idle.
8. A careless boy that night he seemed.
9. Napoleon hated anarchy and disorder.

10. Those who love nature can never be dull.

11. The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice.
12. Climb the mountains and get their good things.

13. Despise not any man, and do not spurn anything.

14. Before men made us citizens, great nature made us men. 15. King Francis was a hearty king and loved a royal sport.

(4) Read "The Builders" (Appendix) carefully, then see how many examples of complements you can find in it, and tell whether they are subjective, objective, or the direct object.

(5) Study the picture. Do you like Longfellow's face? Was he fond of young people? Do you think you would have enjoyed his company? Find out all you can about him and write a paragraph on his life. Have you used any complements? If so, point them out and tell of what kind they are.

CHAPTER V

MODIFIERS

35. Modifier Defined. We have learned (15) that a word may be used to modify, that is, change or limit, the meaning of another word; thus,

I met a little cottage girl.

A, little, and cottage modify the noun girl.

A word used to modify or limit the meaning of another word is called a modifier.

Often a group of words is used as a modifier. Note these examples:

He is a man of wealth (a wealthy man).
Handle this glass with care (carefully).

We need men who are skilled (skilled men).

A modifier is a word or a group of words used to modify or limit the meaning of another word.

All modifiers belong to one of two general classes; namely,

(1) Adjectival modifiers, or modifiers of substantives. (2) Adverbial modifiers, or modifiers of verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Adjectives (15), adverbs (17), and participles (23) have already been mentioned.

Two adjectival modifiers, namely, possessives and appositives, and one adverbial modifier, namely, indirect object, will be discussed in this chapter.

Groups of words as modifiers will be treated when phrases and clauses are taken up (chapters VII and VIII).

EXERCISE 25
(Review)

Point out the adjectives, adverbs, and participles, and tell what each of these words modifies :

Models for written exercise:

(1) This little boy has been rightly praised.
(2) Hearing a voice, we turned aside quickly.

(Note that modifiers are placed under the word modified and are connected with it by a vertical line.)

1. Affection never was wasted. 2. The morning cock crew loud. 3. Who is the person helping you? 4. Smiling, she spoke these words. 5. A penny saved is a penny gained. 6. He made many vainglorious boasts. 7. Two stout horses were soon provided. 8. A hard beginning maketh a good ending. 9. This wild enthusiast never could rest. 10. He was a short, square-built old fellow. 11. Did ever painted saint have such a halo? 12. What beggar pities not a begging prince? 13. A beautiful face is a silent commendation.