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1. I saw your aunt Rachel.
2. The word horse is a noun.
3. Our family physician, Dr.
Brown, is in Europe.

4. Two of us, you and I, are in-
vited.

I.

II.

5. We did the work ourselves.
6. He knew the poet Timrod.
7. We heard only one word,
namely, "Forward!"

8. Have you met Walter Fox,
our cousin from Atlanta?

1. Such was he, our Martyr-Chief.
2. King, ladies, lovers, all look on.
3. Across the lonely beach we flit,
One little sandpiper and I.

4. Beautiful they were in sooth,

The old man and the fiery youth!

5. What was he doing, the great god Pan,
Down in the reeds by the river?

(2) Study the picture "Saved." Saved." What story does the picture suggest to you? Write it out and bring to the class. Have you used any appositives? If so, see that they are properly punctuated and point them out.

38. Indirect Object. object (32), we often use whom something is done.

Charles gave John a book. book.)

In connection with the direct another word telling to or for Note these examples:

(John tells to whom Charles gave a

Mary told us a story. (Us tells to whom Mary told a story.) Father bought me a hat. (Me tells for whom Father bought a hat.)

A word telling to or for whom something is done is called the indirect object.

The indirect object of a verb is a word telling to or for whom something is done.

The indirect object is used after the verbs give, lend, buy, owe, pay, cause, make, grant, promise, sell, send, show, tell, and such other verbs as express the idea of telling or transferring something to another.

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39. Caution. An objective complement is not to be confounded with the indirect object. An objective complement refers to the same person or thing as the direct object and regularly follows the direct object. The indirect object refers to a different person or thing from the direct object and regularly precedes the direct object. Note these examples:

Objective Complement: He made me secretary.
Indirect Object: He made me a present.

The preposition to or for may be supplied with the indirect object without changing the sense: as, This gave to us a new view; I have bought for them a home. The indirect object is an adverbial modifier rather than a complement.

EXERCISE 28

(1) Point out the direct object and the indirect object :

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(The indirect object is placed under the predicate verb to indicate that it modifies the predicate verb. The vertical mark before the indirect object indicates its nature as an object.)

who I told Latin I you

1. Who told you this story? 2. We assign you this room. 3. Give me a drink of water. 4. He brought us a present. 5. I have sold him a horse.

1. Take him this note.

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2. The duke shall grant me justice.

3. Who gave you the name of Old Glory? 4. The stranger threw the beggar a dollar. 5. I would not do him the slightest injury.

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6. Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul!

7. They refused the Russians an additional loan.

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8. Our last investment has yielded us a very large return.

(2) Tell whether each italicized word is direct object, indirect object, or objective complement :

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(3) Read "The Wreck of the Hesperus (Appendix), then write out the story in your own words and tell whether or not you have used the indirect object, and if so, point it out in every instance.

CHAPTER VI

INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS

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40. Independent Element Defined. Note this example:

Good friends, I wish to speak.

The word friends denotes the persons spoken to. Hence, it forms a part of the sentence by helping to complete the thought, but it has no grammatical connection either with the subject I or with the predicate wish to speak. A part of a sentence having no grammatical connection with the other parts is called an independent element.

An independent element is a part of a sentence having no grammatical connection with the other parts.

The independent elements discussed in this chapter are words of address, exclamations, parenthetical expressions, and pleonasm.

41. Words of Address.

Note these examples:

"I love you, Mother," said rosy Nell.

"Welcome, Sir Lark! You look tired!" said he.
Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll.

The italicized words are substantives used to denote the person or thing spoken to, or addressed. A substantive used to denote the person or thing spoken to is called a word of address.

A word of address is a substantive used to denote the person or thing spoken to.

Words of address are set off by commas (,), but if they express strong feeling, as in the second example, they may be followed by an exclamation point.

42. Exclamations. Note these examples:

Oh! is it you, young master?
Silvio! Did you know Silvio?

Come! A good whole holiday!

Each of the foregoing italicized words expresses strong or sudden feeling. A word or a group of words used to express strong or sudden feeling is called an exclamation, a term meaning " a crying out."

An exclamation is a word or a group of words used to express strong or sudden feeling.

Exclamations are of the following kinds :

(1) Interjections (20); as ah! pshaw! hist! tut! hurrah!

(2) Other parts of speech or groups of words are used with the force of interjections; thus,

Oh, sleep! It is a gentle thing! (Noun.)

Oh, fortunate we! the ordeal is past! (Pronoun.)

See! see! she tacks no more!

For heaven's sake! what is it?

(Verb.)

(Group of Words.)

As in the examples, exclamations are followed by

an exclamation point.

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