EXERCISE 29

(1) Point out the words of address and the exclamations:

Exclamations: Oh, dream of joy! is this indeed the lighthouse

(Words of address and exclamations are put on a line with the subject and predicate but are separated from the rest of the sentence to show that they are independent.)

1. Give me of your boughs, O Cedar!

2. Hark! was there ever so merry a note?

3. Who are you, my strangely gifted guest?

4. Come forth, O ye children of gladness! come!

5. But ye! - ye are changed since ye met me last!

6. Those evening bells! how many a tale their music tells!

(2) Tell the part of speech of each exclamatory word in the foregoing sentences.

43. Parenthetical Expressions.

Note these ex

amples:

This, indeed, is true.

At all events, we are safe.

The plan, I admit, is impractical.

The italicized expressions belong to neither subject nor predicate, and are used by way of comment or explanation. A word or a group of words belonging to neither subject nor predicate and used by way of comment or explanation is called a parenthetical expression, the term parenthetical meaning" placed in beside."

A parenthetical expression is a word or a group of words belonging to neither subject nor predicate and used by way of comment or explanation.

Parenthetical expressions are set off by punctuation : by the comma if the connection is close, as in the foregoing examples; by the dash if the expression is an abrupt insertion; by parentheses if the expression is an abrupt explanation or reference. Note these examples :

This man-I forget his name is an Italian. (Abrupt insertion.)

Miss Bell (she is Mrs. Baker now) is here. (Abrupt explanation.) This word is an infinitive (page 29). (Reference.)

EXERCISE 30

(1) Point out the parenthetical expressions:

Models for written exercise:

(1) He was, indeed, a patriot.
(2) At any rate, I was careful.
(3) He, it seemed, was very busy.

(Parenthetical expressions are set off from the rest of the sentence to show their independence, and are placed under the main part to show that they are a kind of sentence modifier.)

(2) Write five sentences, each containing a parenthetical expression, and see that it is properly punctuated.

44. Pleonasm. - Sometimes in poetical language the subject is repeated. Note the italicized words:

Then Little John he drew his bow.
The wedding guest he beat his breast.
Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me.

In each of the foregoing sentences the subject is repeated, both a noun and a pronoun being used. The use of two words, a noun and a pronoun, in the same grammatical office, to refer to the same person or thing, is called pleonasm, a term meaning "too much."

Pleonasm is the use of two words, a noun and a pronoun, in the same grammatical office, to refer to the same person or thing.

Pleonasm is to be avoided in common language. Such expressions as "John he told me " are not to be used. Say," John told me.”

CHAPTER VII

PHRASES

45. Phrase Defined. Note the italicized words:

George writes carefully.

George writes with care.

The foregoing sentences have the same meaning. The group of words with care has the meaning and use of the single word carefully. For other examples of how a group of words may have the meaning and use of a single word, note the following sentences:

James lives here. James is living here.

John walked hastily. John walked with haste.

Who is the blue-eyed girl? Who is the girl with blue eyes?

Often there is no word that will take the place of the group of words, but the group has the use of a single part of speech in the sentence. Note these examples:

He came here on Monday.
She lives in Alabama.

I have come to see you.

(On Monday tells when he came.) (In Alabama tells where she lives.) (To see you tells why I have come.)

You will note that not one of the foregoing groups of words contains a subject and predicate. A group of related words having the use of a single part of speech but not containing a subject and predicate is called a phrase.