conscientious spirit the duties involved. Though already heavily burdened he accepted a position as member of the board of the newly-founded Drexel Institute in 1892 and served until 1909. Here again his close association with Mr. Anthony J. Drexel, who frequently talked over with him the plans of the proposed endowment, enabled him to play a particularly valuable part in bringing about the consummation of the purpose which Mr. Drexel had in mind.

Another achievement of a notable character was Mr. Rosengarten's participation in the activities of the Free Library, established in February, 1891, through the efforts mainly of the late Dr. William Pepper, and prompted by a large bequest of the late George S. Pepper, which was made available for the Free Library. He was elected a member of the board in 1895 and served till 1911. For ten years from 1899 till 1909 he took upon himself the added responsibilities of president of the institution. It was largely through him that the Free Library obtained the splendid gift of one and a half millions from the late Andrew Carnegie, for the establishment of thirty branches; and it is interesting to note in this connection, as an example of the manner in which seeds of kindness take root and in due time bring forth fruit, that it was the elder Rosengarten's aid and encouragement given to the young Carnegie at the time when he acted as secretary of President Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad, that proved to be a strong factor in inducing Mr. Carnegie to respond to an appeal made to him by the son of the man who had helped Mr. Carnegie in his own career.

Mr. Rosengarten's services to the University of Pennsylvania constitute a chapter by itself. From the day that he was graduated from the old college on Ninth Street, in 1852, up to his resignation as trustee in 1918, he was incessant in his efforts to help every movement looking toward the expansion of the university. There is literally no department of the university which does not bear evidence of his interest and of his generosity.

At all times active in the affairs of the College Alumni Society, he served as president for many years, 1895 to 1905, and as a member of the board of managers up to a few years before his death. It was as the representative of the Alumni Society that he was elected to the board of trustees in 1896; and, in 1907, his Alma

Mater paid tribute to the invaluable services rendered by her distinguished son to the nation, to research, as well as to the institution itself, by conferring upon him the honorary degree of LL.D.

Of his services to our American Philosophical Society I also cannot speak at length without passing beyond the limits of an obituary sketch. His interest in the affairs of the Society was unceasing, from the time of his election in 1891. He served as a member of the Library Committee from 1899 to his death and as Chairman of the Committee since 1909. It is worthy of note that this position is the only one which he retained of the many which he once held, and all of which he relinquished a few years ago by virtue of advancing years which prompted him to transfer the burden to younger men. He was Councillor of the society from 1901 till 1909, and again from 1911 to 1913; and he was honored by an election to the Vice-Presidency in 1918. A perusal of the minutes will show that no one exceeded him, and few equalled him, in punctilious attendance at the meetings. He took a prominent part in the various celebrations organized by the Society, notably in the bi-centennial of Franklin's birth and he is represented in the Proceedings by many papers, dealing with such various subjects as the French members of the Society, the Franklin Papers in the possession of our Society, the Earl of Crawford's manuscript likewise owned by our Society, the Chateau de Rochambeau, the Paris Exposition of Books, etc. Of special value is a paper on American History from German Archives (published in the Proceedings for 1900), which gives a survey of this very fruitful field of investigation. Mr. Rosengarten himself contributed to the publication of "German Archives" by his translations of Popp's Diary and of Achenwall's Observations on North America, both published in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Vols. 26 and 27). Mr. Rosengarten's intimate association with the Society led to his being chosen to read the obituary notice of such distinguished members as Henry Coppee, William H. Furness, Henry C. Lea, J. Sergeant Price, Peter F. Rothermel, and Albert Henry Smyth. The last paper read by Mr. Rosengarten before the Society was an investigation and discussion of a "Plan for an automatic collection and distribution of a state tax for higher education." This was in 1913 and the article pub

lished in Vol. 52 of the Proceedings under the title of a "Counsel of Perfection" is an indication both of his thorough study of the subject of higher education and of his mature views reached after a lifetime, full of achievement on his own part for the encouragement of higher education and for the promotion of research.

Early in life he began to write for such journals as The North American, The Atlantic Monthly, The Penn Monthly, the New York Nation, and various daily newspapers, as the New York Tribune and the Philadelphia Public Ledger. Through his association with Henry C. Carey, he became interested in social science and read largely on this subject by the side of history and literature. He was active in the establishment of the Social Science Association which later developed into the American Academy of Political Science. A field of history which appealed particularly to him was the study of the part taken by German and French immigrants in the development of this country. Besides numerous articles, addresses and papers, the fruit of his labors in this field are to be seen in two volume, The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States, published in 1886, and of which a second edition, revised and enlarged, appeared in 1890; and French Colonists and Exiles in the United States, issued in 1907. These two volumes represent contributions of permanent worth by virtue of the careful study of the material gathered by Mr. Rosengarten. In both volumes he traces the immigration of German and French settlers to their beginnings, and shows exactly what influence was exerted by these elements of the population in each period of our country, down through the Civil War.

A bibliography of his papers, monographs and books, prepared some years ago and reaching to 1907,1 brings the number of entries. close to one hundred, and since the preparation of this bibliography Mr. Rosengarten, despite advanced years, continued to write for various journals and transactions.

No sketch, however brief, of Mr. Rosengarten's life should fail to touch on his intimate association with the scholars, writers, statesmen, men in public life in many lands, in this country, in England, France, Germany, Austria, Holland, and Italy. There were few

1 Published in the Alumni Register of May, 1907.

men who had a large circle of acquaintance; and having a rare gift for friendship, he continued to maintain association with many of those with whom he was thrown into contact either in this city or through his frequent trips abroad. He knew the Darwins, father and son; he came into close touch with eminent writers and scholars like F. Max Müller, Thomas Hughes, Goldwin Smith, Herbert Spencer and Lord Bryce; he formed a friendship extending over many years with the de Rochambeau family and secured the passage of an act of Congress for the purchase of the letters of Washington to Rochambeau. He knew the great trio of American literature, Longfellow, Emerson and Lowell; he had met all the Presidents from Buchanan to Wilson, and knew practically all the generals in the Civil War.

Mr. Rosengarten passed away quietly on January 14, 1921.

MORRIS JASTROW, JR.

MORRIS JASTROW, JR.

(Read, December 2, 1921.)

The life of Professor Morris Jastrow was that of a highly distinguished Semitic scholar, who was successfully a teacher, investigator, decipherer, writer, editor, and publicist. His life was peculiarly consecrated to a search for knowledge and the promulgation of the truths that he had ascertained.

In the preparation for the work of his life he had in his youth the advantage of a favorable environment. His father, Rabbi Marcus Jastrow, was in charge of a German congregation in Warsaw, when on August 13, 1861, Morris first saw the light of day. A few years later, after having been subjected to arrest because of his political opinions bearing upon the liberties of the people, his father was obliged to leave the country, and came to Philadelphia, where in 1866 he was called to the Congregation Rodef Shalom, which he served for many years and of which he was rabbi emeritus at the time of his death, in 1903. He was a distinguished preacher, a godly man, and a profound scholar. The great literary heritage that he left is his Talmudic Dictionary, a monument of untiring industry and wide scholarship.

After Morris Jastrow had graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1881, he studied at Breslau under Frankel, Graetz, and Rosin; at Leipzig under Fleischer and Franz and Frederick Delitzsch; at Strassburg under Noeldeke; and in Paris under Renan, Oppert, Derenbourgs, and Halevy. In 1884 he received his Ph.D. at Leipzig, writing his dissertation on the unpublished grammatical works of a Jewish Arabic Grammarian. In 1914 his alma mater honored him by conferring upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws.

Jastrow had studied for the ministry, and for a short time had been his father's assistant; but preferring scholastic work to being an exponent of the Jewish faith, he became Lecturer in Semitics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1887; and in 1891 he became Professor of Semitic Languages and Literature. In 1888 he became Assistant Librarian of the University, and a decade later Librarian, which office he held until 1919, making in all thirty-one years of