Richard, duke of York, son of Edward IV. He is joined by John Water, the late mayor of Cork, and some others, and is shortly after invited to France by Charles VIII., where Sir George Neville and many English gentlemen repair to him.

Henry passes over to France, Oct. 2; besieges Boulogne for a few days; negotiates for a peace, and concludes a treaty, and returns to England by the middle of November.

A.D. 1493. Henry meanwhile publishes an account of the death of Richard, duke of York, and his brother Edward V. in the Tower, but dismisses the alleged murderers without punishment. He also professes to discover that his rival is an impostor, and makes treaties with the kings of France and Scotland, by which they agree not to give shelter or assistance to any of his enemies.

Richard is in consequence obliged to retire from France; he repairs to Flanders, where Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, receives him with joy.

A.D. 1494. The Yorkists in England send over to Flanders, and from the reports they receive, are satisfied that Richard is not an impostors.

a Historians in general style him Perkin Warbeck, but this name assumes what has never yet been proved, namely, that he was an impostor. The name Richard only is here employed, which does not prejudge the question, as either Perkin Warbeck or Richard of York would do. See Notes and Illustrations.

Beside the public treaty, which provided for peace and strict alliance, there was a private agreement for payment of the annuity promised to Edward IV. See p. 87.

Their names were Dighton and Forrest. Several years after it was alleged that they had been employed by Sir James Tyrell.

Their agent was Sir Robert Clifford, son of the Lord Clifford who killed the young earl of Rutland at Wakefield. If not from the first

Lord Fitzwalter (John Ratcliff), Sir Simon Montfort, and several others, are seized, condemned, and executed h. The truce with Scotland extended to April 30, 1501. Sir Edward Poynings is appointed deputy of Ireland, Sept. 13. He passes a well-known statute, called Poynings' Law, by which all legislation in the Irish parliament is confined to matters first approved of by the king and council in England.

A.D. 1495. Clifford returns to England in January ; he charges Sir William Stanley, the lord chamberlain, with treason, who is condemned, and executed, Feb. 16.

Richard collects troops for an invasion of England; a party which lands on Deal beach, July 3, is cut off by the people of Sandwich3, and he returns to Flanders.

Ships fitted out, and men raised to guard against other attempts, July.

A.D. 1496. Henry concludes a commercial treaty with Philip, duke of Burgundy, Feb. 24, which also provides

an emissary of Henry, which seems probable, he soon became so, and betrayed to him the names of those with whom he had corresponded. He appears, from the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VII., to have received a reward of £500, Jan. 20, 1495.

Many pardons were, however, granted to Richard's adherents in Ireland, as to Walter Fitz Symonds, archbishop of Dublin, Aug. 8, 1494; to Maurice, earl of Desmond, Dec. 12, 1494; and a general pardon (from which Lord Barry and John Water, late mayor of Cork, were excepted) Aug. 26, 1496.

iHe had been justice of North Wales under Richard III., and was the brother of Lord Stanley, who had married Henry's mother; the charge against him was, that he had said, that if he were sure that young man were King Edward's son, he would not bear arms against him; a declaration obnoxious to Henry, but very little like treason as usually understood.

Many fell in the fight, and all the prisoners (169 in number) being brought to London, "railed in ropes like horses drawing in a cart," says Hall, were hanged by Henry's order.

k The duke's ambassadors received gifts, or perhaps bribes, of from £20 to £60 each, as appears by the Privy Purse Expenses.

for Richard's expulsion fron Flanders. He repairs to Ireland, but meeting with few partisans, goes to Scotland, where James IV. receives him as King Richard IV.1

Jesus College, Cambridge, founded by John Alcock, bishop of Elym.

James and Richard advance into England with a large army in October. Few join them, when the Scots ravage the country, and return by the end of the year.

A.D. 1497. The parliament meets at Westminster, Jan. 16, when a subsidy is granted for a war with Scotland. The people of Cornwall resist the collection of the tax, and march towards London; they are defeated at Blackheath, June 22, and their leaders executed".

Tynedale annexed to Northumberland, [11 Hen. VII. c. 9,] the reason given being that the inhabitants abused their franchises, and, in company with the Scots, "the ancient enemy of the realm," daily and nightly committed great and heinous treasons, robberies and murders.

1 James afforded a strong proof of his belief in Richard's kingly character by giving him in marriage a kinswoman of his own, the Lady Katherine Gordon. After Richard's defeat she was kept awhile in Henry's court, and at length married a Welsh knight, Sir Matthew Cradock, who raised a stately tomb, still existing, for her and himself, in the church of St. Mary, at Swansea. She, however, survived the knight, married a third, and a fourth husband, and by this last, Christopher Ashton, of Fyfield, Berkshire, was buried in the church of that parish, in October or November, 1537; her handsome tomb still remains there.

in It had been formerly the nunnery of St. Radegund, founded by Malcolm IV. of Scotland.

These were Thomas, lord Audley, a man of broken fortune, Michael Joseph, a blacksmith, and Thomas Flammock, a lawyer who had assured them that the barons of the north were bound by the tenure of their estates to defend the realm against the Scots at their sole expense. Audley was beheaded on Tower-hill in October in a coat of his own arms reversed and torn; the others were hanged at Tyburn.

Benevolences unpaid made recoverable by imprisonment, [c. 10].

Suing in formá pauperis admittedo, [c. 11].

Taking game, or eggs of hawks or swans, on the estate of another, (said to be much practised by "persons having little substance to live upon,") made punishable by fine and imprisonment, [c. 17].

The wages of labourers and artificers regulated P, [c. 22].

Jurors giving untrue verdicts to be fined at the discretion of the judges, and rendered infamous, so that they shall never after be of any credence, nor their oath accepted in any court," [c. 24].

Henry declared entitled to all the property of Richard III. [c. 28], and "improvident grants" of Edward III. and Richard II. to Edmund of Langley resumed, [c. 29].

Edmund de la Pole, on the payment of £5,000, has a portion of the estates of his father, John, duke of Suffolk, restored, and receives the title of earl of Suffolk, [c. 38]. The royal household regulated, [c. 62]; the expense was fixed at £12,059 9s. 11d.

The heirs of several attainted persons restored in blood; among them those of Catesby and Ratcliff.

James and Richard again invade England; they besiege Norham, but retire on the approach of the earl of Surrey.

• The statute directs that writs shall be granted by the chancellor and counsel be assigned by the judges without fee or award to persons not of ability to bear the expenses of the law, in order that all persons may have justice administered to them.

P This statute was soon repealed, [12 Hen. VII. c. 3].

Henry negotiates with James, and Richard is desired to quit Scotland; he accordingly repairs to Ireland, landing at Cork July 30.

A truce for seven years concluded with Scotland, Sept. 29.

Richard is invited from Ireland by the people of Devon and Cornwall. He accordingly lands at Whitsand (near Penzance), Sept. 7; is joined by a large body of partisans, and seizes St. Michael's Mount, where he leaves his wife, and marches on Exeter.

He besieges Exeter in vain for a few days, and then pushes forward into Somersetshire.

Lord Daubeney marches against him with a large force; hearing that Henry is also approaching, he quits his partisans near Taunton, and takes sanctuary at Beaulieu, Sept. 21.

The monastery is surrounded; Richard surrenders on a promise of life; is brought to Henry at Taunton, Oct. 5, and then sent prisoner to London.

Richard does not seem to have been treated as an impostor; on the contrary, he was manifestly used as a prisoner of rank. Numerous entries regarding him appear in Henry's Privy Purse Accounts; several sums of money are paid for him; he was, for a time at least, allowed a horse, and a riding-gown was bought for him (May, 1498); and the bill of "Jasper, Perkin's tailor," was discharged from the same fund in February, 1499.

A.D. 1498. Richard escapes from his keepers, June 9, and flees towards the sea-coast; he is traced, and takes sanctuary at Sheen (now Richmond); he is induced to leave the monastery on a promise of life, and