The city of London fined £50,000 in the Starchamber, and their plantation in Ulster seized into the king's hands, for some alleged neglects in its management, Mar. 8.

The king visits Scotland, and is crowned there, June18; he returns to England early in August.

One reason for this journey was to defeat a scheme of detaching Scotland from his obedience, which there was reason to think was entertained by the marquis of Hamilton (James Hamilton"); another, to complete the restoration of episcopacy commenced by James I., and to introduce the English Liturgy. The king founded the bishopric of Edinburgh, and bestowed high offices on several prelates, but left the introduction of the Liturgy unattemptedt, from scruples as to appearing to interfere with the independence of Scotland.

Lord Wentworth is appointed deputy of Ireland, July 3u.

THROUGH

• He was of the blood royal, being descended from a daughter of James II. Charles refused to credit the accusations against him, and afterwards employed him to negotiate with the Covenanters, but his conduct was so ambiguous, that when he repaired to the king at Oxford, after the war had broken out, he was sent a prisoner into Cornwall, where he remained until released by the parliamentary forces. In 1648, however, he headed the Scottish army which invaded England in the cause of the king, but was defeated and captured, and was beheaded early in 1649. His brother William, the second duke, was killed in the royal cause at Worcester.

Crest of Hamilton.

After his return, orders were sent for the use of the English Liturgy in the king's chapel in Edinburgh, but the council did not think it prudent to comply with the direction.

He held this office until 1639, when he was created lord lieu

Bishop Laud is translated to the see of Canterbury, August; he is succeeded as bishop of London by Bishop Juxon x.

William Prynney is committed to the Tower for his book"Histriomastix," a condemnation of plays, supposed to reflect on the queen, who sometimes took part in the masques and similar diversions of the court.

The Book of Sports of King James is again published by royal authority, Oct. 18, which is displeasing to many beside the Puritans a.

tenant. His administration was perfectly despotic, and marked by many acts of violence and cruelty. He endeavoured to expel all Scots who had taken the Covenant from Ireland, and thus earned their hatred, which pursued him to the scaffold.

* William Juxon, a native of Chichester, born in 1582, was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, and became president there. He was a friend of Bishop Laud, and by his influence was removed in 1633 from the see of Hereford, before consecration, to that of London, was also made lord treasurer, and received many marks of the favour of Charles I., whom he attended on the scaffold. At the Restoration he was translated to Canterbury, but held the primacy a very short time, dying in his eighty-first year, June 4, 1663. Though his secular office in the time preceding the civil war was distasteful to many, a cotemporary (Whitelock) bears this honourable testimony to Bishop Juxon's character: "He was a person of great parts and temper, and had as much command of himself as of his hounds;" [he much delighted in hunting;] "he was full of ingenuity and meekness, not apt to give offence to any, and willing to do good to all."

y He was a Somersetshire man, born in 1600, and educated at Oxford, where he studied the law. He was a friend of Preston, the Puritan, and being conspicuous for moving for prohibitions to stop proceedings in the ecclesiastical courts, the heavy punishment inflicted on him was popularly, though probably unjustly, attributed to the influence of the archbishop. Prynne was fined £5,000, expelled from the University and the bar, placed in the pillory, where his ears were cut off, and sentenced to imprisonment until he made recantation; this confinement, however, was not so rigid as might have been expected, as during it he wrote other works, which, being printed abroad and circulated in England, occasioned a second trial and further cruel usage, in 1637.

z See p. 354.

a

Some ministers refused to read it; one of them (Laurence Snelling, rector of Paul's Cray, Kent) was deprived of his living and

A.D. 1634. The coasts both of England and Ireland are infested by pirates; the Dutch endeavour to exclude the English from the northern fisheries, and fish on the English coasts without license b. To raise a fleet, a writ of ship-money is devised, requiring the maritime counties and towns to pay certain fixed sums; but this being judged insufficient, in a short time the writs are directed to all counties and towns alike.

Cardinal Richelieu sends agents to Scotland, who intrigue with the discontented.

The lord deputy (Wentworth) claims the whole province of Connaught as belonging to the crown.

A.D. 1635. A fleet of forty vessels is sent to sea, under the earl of Lindsey, and another of twenty vessels under the earl of Essex, for the protection of merchants; many of the Dutch fishing vessels are sunk or taken.

A proclamation issued against departing out of the realm without licensed, July 21.

Archbishop Laud holds a visitation, in which, among

excommunicated for disobedience in this particular by the High Commission Court in 1637.

Their eminent statesman, Hugo Grotius, wrote his "Mare Liberum," in justification of these proceedings; while the equally eminent Selden, in his "Mare Clausum," shewed that the sovereignty of the narrow seas had belonged to England from the earliest times. This had in former times been acknowledged on all hands (see vol. i. p. 371); but the weakness of the government, which had suffered the English navy to fall to decay, encouraged the enterprising republicans now to deny it.

The claim was compounded for, but it justly alarmed every landed proprietor in Ireland, and this was one great cause of the insurrection of 1641.

"Ministers unconformable to the discipline and ceremonies of the Church," it appears, were in the habit of retiring to the Bermudas; none were in future to go, except by license of the archbishop of Canterbury; and those already there were to be brought back by a ship which the lord admiral (Älgernon Percy, earl of Northumberland) was ordered to fit out.

other things, he insists on the communion table in churches being placed altarwise; the bishop of Lincoln (John Williams) denounces this as an innovation.

The archbishop endeavours to reduce the descendants of the French and Walloon settlers to conformity with the Church.

These congregations were found in London, Norwich, Southampton, Canterbury, Maidstone, Sandwich, and elsewhere; and, according to the archbishop's statement, which is well supported, there were ample reasons for his interference. They evinced no thankfulness for the protection they had so long enjoyed; their members, though born in England, seldom learnt the language, they refused to impart a knowledge of their manufactures to Englishmen, and, by "living in England as if they were a kind of God's Israel in Egypt," they reflected dishonour on the Church, and encouraged nonconformity, and "became a kind of State within a State;" so that he justly thought "no State could with safety, or would in wisdom, endure ite."

The lord deputy (Wentworth) procures the formal adoption of the English Articles by the Irish Church.

• This was made an accusation against him at his trial, when he was charged with endeavouring to sow dissension between the English and the other Reformed Churches; but it appears from the original act (Sept. 26, 1635) that the matter was misrepresented, when it was said that he had suppressed these congregations. They were still to continue, but to be composed of foreign-born members only; their descendants were to "conform themselves to the English Liturgy, every one in his parish," their occasional resort to the foreign churches, however, not being prohibited. The bishop of Norwich (Matthew Wren) zealously seconded the archbishop's views, and in consequence many of the foreigners left that city.

The Articles of the Church in Ireland were more decidedly Calvinistic than those in England, as the Lambeth Articles (see p. 317) had been incorporated with them. It was owing to the advice of

A.D. 1636. The king encloses a very large space of ground for a park at Richmond, taking, in some cases, men's land without their consent.

The tax of ship-money being much murmured against, the king requires the opinion of the judges, all of whom declare, that in case of danger to the whole kingdom, the king can by law levy it from all his subjects, and that he is the sole judge of the danger. John Hampden, a Buckinghamshire gentleman, and several others, refuse to pay the tax, and are in consequence sued in the court of Exchequer.

A.D. 1637. A proclamation issued, April 30, imposing restrictions on emigration to America. This proclamation states that "men of idle and refractory humours, whose only or principal end is to live without

Archbishop Laud that this step was taken, which was reluctantly acceded to by Archbishop Usher and the Irish prelates, who looked upon it as a surrender of the independence of their national Church.

Archbishop Laud strongly opposed this project; so did Lord Cottington, but to annoy the archbishop (with whom he was at variance) he pretended the contrary, and argued in a way which well illustrates the mode of converting light matters into serious offences which then prevailed in the courts. He said the park would be convenient for the king's pleasure in the winter season, without his being obliged to make any long journeys; that to oppose his resolutions therein could only proceed from want of affection to his person, and he was not sure that it might not be high treason. "The other," says Clarendon, "upon the wildness of his discourse, in great anger asked him, 'Why? whence had he received that doctrine? Cottington coolly replied, "They who did not wish the king's health could not love him; and they who went about to hinder his taking recreation, which preserves his health, might be thought, for aught he knew, guilty of the highest crimes.'

The names of these judges were, Finch, chief-justice (see p. 383); Berkley, Bramston, Crawley, Croke, Davenport, Denham, Hutton, Jones, Trevor, Vernon, and Weston.

i He was cousin to Oliver Cromwell, sat in the Long Parliament for Buckinghamshire, and on the breaking out of the war became a colonel. He was mortally wounded in a skirmish at Chalgrove, near Oxford, June 18, 1643, and died six days after.