are carrying 20 on the argument21 in reference to 22 neither, but chiefly on your own account, you will not surely grudge 23 another, if he can derive any advantage 24 from them.' 'I choose the latter, '25 he replied, 'to speak, to ask questions, and to answer, chiefly on my own account.' 'Then take a step backwards,' 26 I continued. We were wrong just now in what we took 27 as the [science] next in order to geometry.' 'You shall readily be answered," replied I. The constitutions of which3 I speak, and which indeed have [special] names, are, that which is applauded by most men, the constitution of Crete and Sparta; second [in order] and second in esteem,5 is oligarchy [as it is] called, a commonwealth fraught with many evils; next democracy, its adversary, and successor; and despotism, that glorious [constitution], differing from all these, the fourth and worst disease of a state. I suppose you know no other10 kind of polity, which is embodied 12 in some conspicuous form?13 for principalities 1 and purchased sovereignties, and similar constitutions are something intermediate 15 between these, and one may find them as frequently among the barbarians as among the Greeks.' 4 Adjective. 1'Ακούω. 2 Hv, imperf. of huì, for onμí. See LIDD. and SCOTT, 3 Accus. W. Gr. Gr. § 139. ημί. praised! Téμov, genitive. W. Gr. Gr. § 132, g. obs. • Εφεξῆς γιγνόμενος. 'Secondly 7 * Διάφορος. 10 Or 14 Au 9 Genitive. W. Gr. Gr. § 132, b. obs. 1. 11 Ἰδέα. have you any other?' 'Many strange 16 [instances of them],' said he, are reported.' 2 'Are you aware,' continued I, 'that there must needs be as many varieties 17 of human character 18 as of constitutions? or do you imagine that constitutions grow out of an oak or a rock, and not from the moral dispositions 19 of the members of 20 the states, whithersoever21 these may incline the scale22 and draw all else after them? Therefore, if there are five varieties of commonwealth, there will 23 also be five mental constitutions 24 among individuals.' 20 Oi év. 17 Εἴδη. . 177, b. 16 "Ατοπος. 18 Τρόποι. 21 Oî àv, with conjunctive. W. Gr. Gr. 1 the scale' [péπw]. τασκευαὶ τῆς ψυχῆς. 6 191 19 "Hon. 23 "Av, with optative. W. Gr. Gr. § 167. LXIV. 8 At present, those who pursue philosophy at all,1 being mere striplings first3 [emerged] from childhood,* after dipping into the hardest [branch] of it in the intervals between housekeeping and business, abandon it, voting themselves 10 philosophers; and ever afterwards, if on being invited they consent11 to listen to others who cultivate philosophy, they think it a great condescension, 13 because they believe that they ought to pursue philosophy1 only as a secondary 14 [occupation]; and on approaching15 oldage, all but 1 a very few are extinguished far more effectually1 than the sun of Heraclitus, inasmuch as they are not rekindled.' 12 16 'And what ought they to do,' he asked. 'Just the opposite; 19 when 20 youths and boys they ought to receive an education in philosophy 22 congenial to their age, and carefully to train their bodies, while 23 they are growing and being ripened,24 gaining [thereby] a valuable aid 25 to philosophy. As their age advances, 26 when the mind begins to attain maturity,27 we ought to tighten 28 its discipline; 29 but when their strength begins to fail,30 and is beyond public duties 31 and military service,32 from that time forward they ought to lead a dedicated life, and to do nothing else that is not accessory 14 to it, if they are 34 to live happily, and after death to 35 the life they have lived with a corresponding 36 destiny in another world.' 37 crown 33 19 Πᾶν τοὐναντίον. 20 'Being! · Μεταχειρίζεσθαι, pass. See LIDD., Lex. 22 Hendiadys: Education and philosophy!' 23 'Evo. 24 ̔Αδροῦσθαι, pass. 25 Υπηρεσία. 26 Gen. abs. 28 Επιτείνειν. 29 Γυμνάσια. 30 Pres. conjunctive. 33 Αφέτους νέμεσθαι. 35 Επιστήσειν. 36 Πρέπουσα. LXV. 27 Τελεοῦσθαι. 31 Πολιτικά. 34 Τοὺς μέλλοντας, governed 37 Εκεῖ. With regard to proximity to the sea, whether it is advantageous or prejudicial3 to well-governed states, much doubt is felt ;5 for it is alleged that the entertainment of persons bred under different laws is inexpedient with a view to good government; and, also, that the dense population [is disadvantageous]; since there arises from the use of the sea for export and import a multitude of merchants, and this is opposed to a sound polity.10 Nevertheless it is clear that, if this were not the case,11 it is better both for security and for a supply 12 of necessaries, 1 Ἡ κοινωνία πρός. 2 Ωφέλιμος. 4 Εὐνομούμενος. 56 9 3 Βλαβερός. They happen to doubt much? * Τὸ ἐπιξενοῦσθαι. θρωπία. 8 Infin. (oratio obliqua). JELF, Gr. Gr. § 889. 12 Συμβαίνειν. 13 Εὐπορία. 7 Πολυαν 9 Έμποροι. that the city and the territory should have access to 13 the sea. For, in order the better to support wars, those who are to be protected11 ought to be easily accessible to relief 15 on both [elements], both by land and by sea; and, in order to injure assailants,16 if impossible on both [elements], still 17 it will be more easy to those who have access to 13 both [to attack] on either.18 It is essential also that they should receive whatever does not happen to exist in their own country, and that they should export 19 the surplus 20 of their produce;21 for the state ought to carry on commerce 22 for itself, and not for others. Whereas those who offer themselves as an [open] market to all the world, do this for the sake of revenue; but that state which ought not to indulge in 23 such avarice, ought not to possess such a port. 24 13 Μετέχειν. 14 Οἱ σωθησόμενοι. θέμενοι. 17 Αλλά. 50 Τὰ πλεονάζοντα. 23 Μετέχειν. 15 Εὐβοήθητοι. 16 Οἱ ἐπιτι18 Κατὰ θάτερον. 19 Εκπέμπειν, 1 αor. mid. 21 Τὰ γιγνόμενα. 22 Εμπορικὸς εἶναι. 24 Εμπόριον. LXVI. 5 Since, however, we see every day1 that many countries2 and states have docks and ports commodiously situate with regard to the city, so that they neither occupy the same town, nor are very distant therefrom, but are commanded by walls and such like bulwarks, it is evident that if any advantage is likely to be realised by communication 10 with them, this advantage will accrue to the state; while if there is any mischief, it is easy to guard against it by the laws, by declaring 13 and defining who ought not, and who ought to associate,14 with one another. 1 Καὶ νῦν. 2 Χώρα. 3 Επίνεια. • Κρατεῖσθαι. 7 Ἐρύματα. 8 Αγαθόν. vovía, with genitive. W. Gr. Gr. § 132, a. βερόν. 13 Φράζοντας. 14 Επιμίσγεσθαι. 13 4 Εὐφυῶς. 5 Νέμω. 10 Kol 12 Bλa As to a naval power, it is clear that it is best it should subsist to a certain extent; 15 since it is desirable not only for their own sakes, but for some of their neighbours, that they should be formidable and capable of giving succour, as by land so by sea. Then,16 with reference to the amount1 and magnitude 18 of this force, we must look19 to the character 20 of the state; for, if it is to maintain a commanding political position, it is essential that this force should exist in proportion 22 to its enterprises.23 But it is not necessary that the over-populousness which is connected with a seafaring community 25 should exist in the states; for it ought not to be an integral part 26 of the state. For, on the one hand,27 the marines 28 who control and regulate the seamanship,29 are freemen, and belong to the infantry;30 while,27 there being a multitude of Perioci and of men employed in husbandry, there must needs be abundance 31 of sailors. 24 15 Méxpι Tivòs Tλneous. 16"Hon. The sense 'then,' 'further,' 'next,' Μέχρι τινὸς πλήθους. is derived from the temporal sense. If an action is supposed to extend from time present into time future, "dŋ signifies 'posthac.' The connexion of this sense with that in the text is obvious. 17 Πλῆθος. 18 Μέγεθος. 19 Verbal. 20 Βίος. 21 'If it shall live an imperial [nyeμovikòs] and political life. 24 Η γιγνομένη περί. 25 Ναυτικὸς ὄχλος. 28 Τὸ ἐπιβατικόν. 29 Ναυτιλία. 22 Σύμμετρον. 26 Μέρος. 30 Οἱ πεζεύοντες. 23 Πράξεις. 27 Mèv-dé. 31 ̓Αφθονία. LXVII. Concerning territory, then, ports, cities [proximity to the] sea, and naval power, let us decide in this manner; we have already said what limit ought to exist with respect to the number of the citizens; let us now state of what stock they ought to be. Almost any one may determine this [point], by a glance at 2 those Grecian communities which are renowned, and at the whole of the inhabited |