So also such phrases as οἱ ἔχοντες [χρήματα], εἰς ᾅδου ἀφικέσθαι, ὁ Σωφρονίσκου, τὸ ἐπ ̓ ἐμὲ ' as far as is in my power”; τὸ ἐπὶ τούτῳ, “hereon,” εἰς διδασκάλου φοιτᾷν

κ.τ.λ.

(4) Ellypse of the verb; e.g. ἐς κόρακας, ἐς φθόρον [ἔῤῥε], πρὸς σὲ γονάτων [ἱκετεύω].

Ellyptical usages are very congenial to the familiar and conversational tone of the Platonic dialogues. See STALLBAUM, Index to Plato, especially vol. iii. 'Ellipsis' where they are classified at length.

V. BRACHYLOGY. Not only in the comparative length and involution of its periods, but in its pregnant forms of expression, Greek composition requires a far more sustained intellectual effort on the reader's part than any English history, oratory or philosophy, of modern times. English style is vastly more condescending and explanatory. The subtle apprehension of an Athenian audience readily supplied from the context much that was essential to the full elucidation of an idea. The nervous, concise, and pregnant energy of Demosthenes was as happily tempered to Attic ears, as the Ciceronian diffuseness to the less subtle and speculative intellects of the Roman Senate.

The following instances may represent the salient grammatical forms in which this tendency of the Attic mind arrayed itself:

(1) The subject of one sentence is supplied from the object of the last. Ἐξεφόβησαν μὲν τοὺς πολλοὺς, οὐκ εἰδότας τὰ πρασσόμενα, καὶ ἔφευγον [οἱ πολλοί]. ΤHUC. viii. 44. Instances of this kind do not occur among the orators: probably they were avoided on the ground mentioned by Tully-that perspicuity is in public speaking even more essential than in written composition. For if an orator commits an ambiguity, his audience cannot recur

to the passage to relieve their perplexity; whereas the reader of history has ample facility for retrospect.

(2) The substantive of the latter of two co-ordinate sentences is generally supplied from the former, in which it already stands; the article which would be joined to the substantive in the second clause standing alone: e.g. PLATO, Epist. p. 354, Ε. μετρία ἡ Θεῷ δουλεία, ἄμετρος δὲ ἡ τοῖς ȧveρπois. This, it will be seen, is an arrangement wholly different from the favourite structure of a popular historian, of whose painful perspicuity the following clauses may afford an illustration::

'The population of Bristol has quadrupled. The population of Norwich has more than doubled.' MACAULAY, Hist. of Eng. i. 335.

(3) Where a person has been already mentioned, the pronoun as the object of the verb is supplied therefrom, except where especial emphasis is required. XEN. Hell. iii. 4, 3. ἐπαγγειλαμένου τοῦ Ἀγησιλάου τὴν στρατείαν, διδόασιν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι [αὐτῷ ταῦτα].

(4) So also a pronoun is supplied from the foregoing sentence to a genitive absolute. HEROD. i. 3. Toùs dè [Asiatics], προισχομένων [ἐκείνων, i.e. Greeks] ταῦτα, προφέρειν σφι Μηδείης τὴν ἁρπαγήν.

(5) One verb is supplied from another in the context. ISOCR. p. 213, Β. Τὰς μὲν ἐπόρθουν, τὰς δὲ ἔμελλον [πορθεῖν], ταῖς δὲ ἠπείλουν τῶν πόλεων [πορθεῖν].

(6) By thus employing the verb once only, a semblance of unity is given to the clauses: hence it is usual to omit the verb in dependent clauses introduced by ὅσπερ, ὥσπερ. PLATO, Legg. p. 170, D. Πάντα σχεδὸν ἀπείργασται τῷ θεῷ, ὅπερ [ἀπεργάζεται], ὅταν βουληθῇ διαφερόντως εὖ πρᾶξαί τινα πόλιν.

(7) A simple verb is supplied from the compound verb, inasmuch as this latter contains the notion of the former.

THvc. i. 44. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι μετέγνωσαν Κερκυραίοις συμμαχίαν μὴ ποιήσασθαι· ί. ε. μετέγνωσαν καὶ ἔγνωσαν.

(8) The adjective with the article, and the demonstrative pronoun are constantly used in Greek instead of the more explanatory English structure with the noun substantive. Instances occur in every classic page: e. g. тà μèv åλλa σvvæμολónτaι. The other points have been agreed upon. Τόπον κάλλιστα πεφυκότα πρὸς τοῦτο, a region admirably adapted for the purpose described. Τοῖς ἐναντίοις τετίμη Tai, he has been honoured for the opposite qualities.' μndevì äλλw vπeĺke, 'not to yield in any other point.'

In the best Attic writers, no ambiguity* arises from this usage. In Thucydides it is otherwise. Col. Mure justly censures his vague and indefinite use of the demonstrative, especially of avròs [which he frequently employs instead of oÛTos, e. g. i. 32, 68, 138], in the neuter, and commonly the plural form, with reference to an antecedent or antecedents either altogether problematical, or so little apparent as to require an effort to discover which or what they are. In i. 122, ßeßaιoûμev avrò, the pronoun refers to тò èλev¤epovolaɩ, which, however, is nowhere expressed, but is left to be supplied from the preceding word λevớéρωσαν. But the obscurity is much deeper in v. 86, diapéροντα αὐτῷ φαίνεται. One of the most acute of the native grammarians admits himself completely puzzled by the

passage.

The use and abuse of Brachylogy might be illustrated

* E.g. PLATO, Rep. p. 438 : Μήτοι τις ἀσκέπτους ἡμᾶς ὄντας θορυβήσῃ, ὡς οὐδεὶς ποτοῦ ἐπιθυμεῖ. Here θορυβήσῃ is a pregnant verb, requiring duoxvpičóμevos, or some such word, to fill up the notion. 'Let no one, for want of consideration on our part, disturb us by insisting that,' etc. So, in p. 363, C., we find didóaσi for dídoolai déyovor 'Represent the gods as bestowing. See STALLBAUM'S Indexes to Plato,' Breviloquentia.'

from Thucydides at almost any length. Such phrases as ἐτελεύτα ἐς νύκτα, i. 51 ; μέχρι μὲν τοῦδε ὡρίσθω ὑμῶν ἡ βραδυτής, i. 7Ι; τὸ ἀκρίτως ξυνεχὲς τῆς ἁμίλλης, vii. 71 ; are as far beyond exception as passages like the following, which require the parenthetical insertion of an explanatory clause, are beyond forgiveness. The spokesman of the Corinthian embassy at Athens urges in these terms his interpretation of the treaty, i. 40. We have now to convince you that you cannot justly embrace their alliance. For, if it is stipulated in the articles that any state, not enrolled in either confederacy, may join whichsoever side it pleases; that clause was not inserted for the benefit of those who enlist in a league to the prejudice of others, but for any state which, without defection from another, needs protection, and which will not involve in war instead of peace the party receiving them-and indeed they will not receive them, if they know their own interests.'

The words I have italicised are totally eclipsed by the author; though, without their insertion, the sense of the final clause recedes from all possibility of human apprehension.

In the still more remarkable passage, v. 22, Thucydides indemnifies himself for the elimination of a clause essential to the meaning, by the worse than superfluous reiteration of a notion already expressed. This will clearly appear, if I subjoin to a version representing the sense of the passage a literal translation of the author's words:

"The Lacedæmonians dismissed the confederates as they would not listen to them, and proceeded to conclude an alliance between themselves and the Athenians, thinking that the Argives, whose hostility might be presumed from their recent refusal to renew the truce, would be very unlikely to be formidable, if deprived of Athenian aid.'

The words italicised are unrepresented in the original, as the following literal version will show :

'Thinking that the Argives would be very unlikely to be formidable to them, for they refused to renew the truce on a recent occasion, thinking that they, without the Athenians, would not [be formidable].'

The words italicised repeat the notion already expressed. Marcellinus, who lived in the age of Valentinian, says Thucydides did not address himself to general readers, but only to tastes the most intellectual and fastidious. The well-known epigram in the Anthology (εἰμὶ γὰρ οὐ πάντεσσι Barós] intimates the same feeling.* Cicero [Brut. c. 17], says he was not a popular author with his own countrymen; and, in another passage, asks what Grecian orator derived anything from him [Orator. 9]. Such a remark naturally opens a question as to the authenticity of Lucian's statement [viii. p. 4], that Demosthenes transcribed his history eight times. Wolf [ad DEMOSTH. Lept. p. 51] finds very few traces of the historian's direct influence on the style of the great orator. If, indeed, Demosthenes imitated Thucydides, his own incomparable genius saved him from the imitation of his faults. The figures Parisosis † and Paromoiosis, the latter of which is neither more nor less than a pun; the wearisome opposition of idia and Snuooia, and the conceited antithesis which, in nearly eighty passages, arrays the difference, material, moral and metaphysical, between words and deeds, now in the shape of a bare abstraction, now in the collateral varieties of form of which the fundamental idea is in every

*Anthol. Græc. iv. p. 231.

+ Marcellinus acknowledges for his client a limited partiality for this figure: ἐζήλωσεν ἐπὶ ὀλίγον τὰς Γοργίου τοῦ Λεοντίνου παρισώσεις καὶ τὰς ἀντιθέσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων. — Vita Thucyd.

E. g. Intention and execution [Aóyoɩ kai ěpya]: Expectation and