ticiple is one of the most important and flexible instruments of Grecian composition. It expresses, as a brief notice of its principal usages, in its gerundial sense, will show, all the syntactical modifications of the subordinate or accessary verb. (α) ΤΙΜΕ. - ΧΕΝ. Mem. i. 2, 22 : Πολλοὶ τὰ χρήματα ἀναλώσαντες — κερδῶν—οὐκ ἀπέχονται after they have squandered their fortunes. (β) CAUSE. - Οὐ ποιοῦνται τὴν πορείαν σπανίζοντες που νηρῶν. IsocR. περὶ Ἀντιδ. 239. They do not take the voyage because they are in want of profligate instructors,' but for other reasons which he proceeds to allege. (γ) CONDITIONS. - Οὐδὲ λεκτέον νέῳ ἀκούοντι, ὡς ἀδικῶν τὰ ἔσχατα οὐδὲν ἂν θαυμαστὸν ποιοῖ· ἀδικῶν = εἰ ἀδικοῖ· "if he commits the most serious offences.' PLATO, Rep. 378, Β. Cf. STALLBAUM On Rep. 452, C.: Εἰς τὴν τοιαύτην μεταβολὴν γενομένην = εἰ γένοιτο. (δ) LIMITATIONS.Ὡς ὀλίγα δυνάμενοι προορᾶν ἄνθρω ποι περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος πολλὰ ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν. ΧΕΝ. Cyr. iii. 2, 15. Although we are able to foresee but few events.” καίτοι, καί, περ, καὶ ταῦτα, are often used to emphasise the limitation. (ε) MEANS. - ΧEN. Cyr. iii. 2, 25: Ληϊζόμενοι ζῶσι· Raptu vivunt. IsocR. p. 241, D.: Τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐδίδαξαν, ὃν τρόπον διοικοῦντες τὰς αὑτῶν πατρίδας καὶ πρὸς οὓς πολεμοῦντες μεγάλην τὴν Ἑλλάδα ποιήσειαν· ' By what method of home administration and foreign war.' (ζ) MODE OF MANNER.- Λαθὼν, φθάσας, ἀνύσας, φέρων [summo studio], ἄγων, λαβὼν, ἔχων, in the sense of with also the colloquial forms τί ληρεῖς ἔχων; you trife so. PLATO, Gorg. p. 490, Ε. : Ποῖα ὑποδήματα φλυαρεῖς ἔχων ; 'What shoes are you thus constantly chattering about?? ARISTOPH. Nub. 509 : Τί κυπτάζεις ἔχων περὶ τὴν θύραν ; 'Why do you keep stooping at the door?' It is often used where in Latin we should have either the participle passive agreeing with the substantive, or the relative with the verb; e. g. IsoCR. Antid. p. 206: Móyov διέδωκα γράψας I distributed an essay which I had written. The future participle often expresses purpose; e.g. ΧΕΝ. Hell. vii. I, 39 : Οἱ Θηβαῖοι συνεκάλεσαν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων ἀκουσομένους τῆς ἐπιστολῆς· The Thebans summoned deputies from the states, to hear the letter.' Oi dè aπeκρίναντο, ὅτι οὐκ ὁμούμενοι ἀλλ' ἀκουσόμενοι πεμφθείησαν 'But they replied, that they had been despatched, not to take oaths, but simply to hear the letter.' The participle usually expresses the accompaniments of an action; but it sometimes embodies the leading notion, while the accompaniment is expressed by the finite verb; e. g. SOPH. Elect. 345. Stallbaum points to several instances of this in Plato; among others, Rep. p. 495, D., where épiéμevoi=èpievтai. Cf. Euthyd. 289, C.: kektnμένους = κεκτῆσθαι. See his Indexes to Plato. One participle implying the means, is often dependent upon another implying the time, or some other of the participial notions mentioned above. One conception is thus interwoven with another, with admirable conciseness, and without any confusion; e. g. PLATO, Rep. p. 366: Δίκαιοι μὲν γὰρ ὄντες ἀζήμιοι μόνον ὑπὸ θεῶν ἐσόμεθα, τὰ δ' ἐξ ἀδικίας κέρδη ἀπωσόμεθα· ἄδικοι δὲ κερδανοῦμέν τε καὶ λισσόμενοι ὑπερβαίνοντες καὶ ἁμαρτάνοντες, πείθοντες αὐτοὺς ἀζήμιοι ἀπαλλάξομεν· ‘For if we are just [condition], we shall, it is true, escape punishment at the hands of the gods but we must renounce the profits accruing from injustice; while if we are unjust, we shall not only make these gains, but also, by putting up prayers [means] when we transgress and sin [time], we shall, by persuading [means] the gods, get off unscathed.' When participles expressing different notions are thus coupled together, xal is not used; as in the above passage, where καὶ is not inserted between λισσόμενοι and ὑπερBaívovтes-one of which expresses the means, and the other the occasion—while it is inserted between vπepßaíνοντες and ἁμαρτάνοντες, both of which express the same notion. A similar passage occurs in Menex. 249, where διδοῦσα depends on ἀναμιμνήσκουσα, and κεκοσμημένον on apcovтa. V. STALLB. ad locum, and his Index ad Platon. vol. iv. Participia cumulata.' 1. Σκοπείν To look at. 2. Tilévai To place. 3. Ove To sacrifice (of the officiating priest). Xen. vii. I, 40. 4. 4totkeiv Chiefly of external arrangement. 5. Ποιεῖν λόγον. Το write a speech. LIDD. Lex. I. MIDDLE-Subjective sense. I. Σκοπεῖσθαι Το consider. 3. Oveolar To sacrifice for 4. Διοικεῖσθαι· Chiefly of quent in Plato. See AST, Lex. Platon. But the Index to the Orat. Att. fully illustrates this sense of the middle. 5. Ποιεῖσθαι λόγον. Το make a speech, to harangue. ACTIVE. MIDDLE. and often usurps both meanings. LIDD. Lex. The active is not recognised in the Index Orat. Att.; nor in AST, Lex. Platon.; nor in the Index Isocrat. 2. In many of these verbs the middle soon became the prevalent form, because it implied the more comprehensive notion; and thus the active form was often dispensed with; e. g. εὐτραπελεύεσθαι, πονηρεύεσθαι,* ἀκρατεύεσθαι, ȧν0ρwπЄúεσ0αι, K.T.A.: while those verbs which only signify a state, and not the mental character arising therefrom, are used solely in the active; e. g. πρωτεύω, ἀριστεύω, βασιλεύω, πομπεύω, κ.τ.λ. But no theoretical principle can account for the fluctuations of usage, 'Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi.' Thus the active only of peoẞeúw occurs in the Orat. Att. (see Index), including Isocrates (see Index Isocrat.). πрeσ Bevoμaι occurs in Plato (Legg. iii. 698, D.), in the sense of legationem mitto. In Thucydides, πρeoßevoμai means legationem mitto, i. 92, iv. 41; but it regains the sense of peoẞevw, legatus sum, v. 39. * Mr. Jelf (Gr. Gr., p. 18) is mistaken in opposing orparevew to στpаTEVEσbai. LIDD. Lex. recognises no such distinction in classic sage. SCHNEID. Index Xen. vol. ii. gives exactly the same sense to the middle and active forms in Xenophon. AST, Lex. Platon., does not in any way distinguish them, except that the middle is the more common form in Plato; while in the Index Orat. Att. the active form is unknown. Mr. Jelf also instances Blakeveσbai and пovηρeveш both, however, are totally ignored by LIDDELL'S Lex. βλακεύω and πονηρεύομαι only being sanctioned by classic usage. Nothing is more dangerous in scholarship, than theory and analogy unchecked by observation. |