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which he saw at night. Ὅπως ἠβούλοντο, οὕτω τὸν πόλεμον κατέθεντο They concluded the war on their own terms.' Even where no special emphasis is required, the pronoun is inserted: e.g., DEMOSTH. Androt. 33, Bekk., ᾔδει γὰρ, οἶμαι, τοῦθ ̓, ὅτι, κ.τ.λ., where we should merely say, He was aware, I conclude, that.' See JELF, Gr. Gr. § 836, 5, Obs. 3.

XIII. DATIVUS ETHICUS.-This is an usage of the personal pronouns implying that the person has some peculiar interest in the action, and expressing this conception with much brevity and significance: subject, however, to almost indefinite variations of meaning according to the context. The construction is apparently elliptical: and, perhaps, it was originally an emphatic colloquial form. PLATO, Rep. 389, D, Τί δέ, σωφροσύνης ἆρα οὐ δεήσει nμîv Toîs veavíais; Once more, will not our young men need to be temperate?' 343, A, Ý TÍTОN OỶK ÁTTOμúttei deóμενον, ὅς γε αὐτῇ οὐδὲ πρόβατα οὐδὲ ποιμένα γιγνώσκεις 'So that in consequence of her neglect you cannot even distinguish between sheep and shepherd.' 431, B, 'ATÓẞλETE τοίνυν πρὸς τὴν νέαν ἡμῖν πόλιν ‘Now turn your eyes towards our new state.' Sophista, 229, E, “Orav aỶTOîs ἐξαμαρτάνωσί τι· ‘Whenever their children do anything to displease them: cf. XEN. Cyr. i. 32, és kaλós μoi å táππος 'How handsome my grandfather looks.' SOPH. Aj. 1128, Tâde d' oixoμar As far as he is concerned.'

XIV. The Attic predilection for indirect assertion substitutes ei for ori, after verbs expressing mental emotion, such as astonishment, when the object of the emotion is to be represented as something rather possible or conceivable than real. PLATO, Rep. p. 343, E, Tóde élaúμaoa, ei ἐν ἀρετῆς τίθης μέρει τὴν ἀδικίαν· ‘I did wonder at your

ranking injustice under the head of virtue.' Here it is used of an assertion already made: but the speaker who professes his surprise, seems to intimate he can hardly believe it has been made. It is common after Oavμáo, δεινόν ἐστι, αἰσχρόν ἐστι, ἄχθεσθαι, μέμφεσθαι, ἀγαπᾷν, φθονεῖν, αἰσχύνεσθαι, etc.

GREEK PROVERBS.

XV. Whatever theory of proverbs we embracewhether we regard them as affording some real insight into the manners and character of a people: or accept Lord John Russell's definition, which ascertains them to consist of one man's wit and all men's wisdom,' some knowledge of the current classical mapouía must be held essential to the translator.

1. Evρeîv λéovта 'To beard the lion.' LIDD. Lex. compares the vernacular to bell the cat.' PLATO, Rep. 341, C. evidently alluding to a formidable enterprise.

2. *Hλığ ĥλika тÉρпеι Rер. 329; ERASM. Adagg. i. 2, 20; Cic. de Senect. 3. 'Pares cum paribus veteri proverbio facillimè congregantur.'

3. Τοῖς πλουσίοις πολλὰ παραμύθια PLATO, Rep. 329, Ε. 4. Tpawv xos (PLATO, Rep. 350, E.): Old women's tales.' Aniles fabellæ.' CICERO. 'Veteres aviæ.' PER

SIUS.

5. Τὸ δοκεῖν καὶ τὰν ἀλάθειαν βιᾶται (PLATO, Rep. 365, C): Semblance overpowers reality.' 'Dictum Simonidis,' STALLB.

6. ̓Αρχὴ ἥμισυ παντός Rep. 377, Β.

7. Aŵpa leoùs πeideɩ (Rep. 390, E): Plato apparently quotes Hesiod. Cf. EUR. Med. 934; OVID, de Art. Am. iii. 653.

8. Φοινικικόν τι [ψεῦδος] (Rep. 414, C): A myth, such as Livy describes-Poeticis magis decorum fabulis quàm incorruptis rerum gestarum monumentis.'

9. Koλopava èπileîvar Fastigium imponere operi.' 'To put the finishing stroke to a work.' EUTHYD. 101, E. 10. Ὕδραν τέμνειν (Rep. 426, Ε) =ἀνήνυτον πονεῖν· Rep. 531. Horace explains the allusion:

'Non Hydra secto corpore firmior

Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem.'

11. Xаλeπà тà κaλá· Rep. 435, C; Cratyl. 384, A; quoted also by ARIST. Eth. Nicom.

12. Xpvooxoeîv (Rep. 450, B) is variously interpreted as meaning (1) To embark in a bubble speculation as a gold-hunter' (STALLB. ad loc.). (2) To do anything rather than the matter in hand.'

13. Εὐχαῖς ὁμοῖα νομοθετεῖν· ‘Visionary legislation. Rep. 456, C. Εὐχὴ δοκεῖ εἶναι ὁ λόγος 450, D. Vid. STALLB. ad loc.

14. IIλéov μov Taνтós Rep. 466, C, quoted from HESIOD, Op. et D., 40.

15. Οὐδ ̓ ἂν ὁ Μῶμος μέμψαιτο ‘Not even the very genius of criticism could censure.' Rep. 487, A. Horace alludes to Aristarchus as the standard of cynical criticism: 6 Fiet Aristarchus.'

16. Ἐπὶ πλουσίων θύρας ιέναι· Said of the whole tribe of quacks and soothsayers [ἀγύρται καὶ μάντεις] who tried to palm their impositions on the rich. Rep. 364, B. See STALLB'S. note, and especially RUHNK. ad Timæum, p. 10. 17. Η Διομηδεία λεγομένη ἀνάγκη Meaning: absolute compulsion. 18. Τὰ μεγάλα πάντα ἐπισφαλή hazardous.' Rep. 497, D.

Rep.493, D.
Origin: unknown.
All great things are

19. Οἵαπερ ὁ δέσποινα, Τοία χά κύων Rep. 563, C.; cf. Juv., 'Maxima quæque domus servis est plena superbis.'

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20. Καπνόν γε φεύγων εἰς τὸ πῦρ περιέπεσεν alluded to by PLATO, Rep. 569, C, in a passage, of which the following is a version: and, according to the proverb, the commons flying from the frying-pan of the service of free men, will have fallen into the fire of a despotism exercised by slaves.'

21. Απάσας [sc. λαβὰς] διαφεύγειν οὐ ῥᾴδιον ‘It is hard to parry every thrust.' Metaphor from wrestling. PLATO, Sophista, 231, C.

22. Οὐ τῇ ἑτέρα ληπτέον [sc. τὸ θηρίον], PLATO, Sophista, 226, A. Another illustration from the ring. The animal cannot be managed by the left hand.' The popularity of gymnastic exercises among the highest classes at Athens accounts for the numerous similitudes and proverbs drawn therefrom, in the way of familiar and picturesque allusion: allusion which the moral and social degradation of all connected with 'the ring' exiles from polite converse in England.

23. PLATO, Phædrus, 236, B. Eis ràs ópolas λaßàs ¿λýAvoas also a pugilistic term. The meaning in this passage is: You have given as good a handle to censure.' Cf. Phileb. p. 13, D. Cf. Ansam præbere.'

24. Allusions drawn from Τα τρία παλαίσματα The three falls;' and Tò тρíтov Táλaioμa, are frequent: the limited arena of the ring supplying obvious and multiplied images of the wide and checquered arena of life. Phædrus, p. 256, B; Euthyd. p. 277, C.

25. Ἔοικεν ὁ λόγος καταβαλὼν πίπτειν (Euthyd. p. 288, A; evidently a pugilistic term). The sophistical argument throws itself as well as its adversary.' It reminds us of the cynical comment on Mr. Croker's review of Macaulay's history: That it contemplated murder, and committed suicide.'

26. Oμóσe τ λóyw iévai (Rep. p. 610, C): To grapple with the argument.' Drawn from the ring or the battlefield. RUHNK. on Timæus, p. 102, instances Euthryphron, p. 48, D; Theœt. p. 124, C; Euthyd. p. 224, B; cf. HOMER, Il. N, 337.

27. PLATO, Sophist, 249, D. Kaтà Tỳν Tŵν πaidwv EvXÒv, ὅσα ἀκίνητα καὶ κεκινημένα. Commentators have either given up this passage in despair, like Stallbaum, or have reduced their readers to despair by the abortive subtlety of their explanatory efforts. Some approximation to the old schoolboy cheat, Heads, I win! Tails, you lose'! seems to transpire through the context.

28. Ὁ τὸν ποταμὸν καθηγούμενος ἔφη ἄρα δείξειν αὐτό (PLATO, Theat. 200, E): 'The experiment itself will show.' [Solvitur ambulando.] It appears from the scholiast, quoted by STALLBAUM, ad l. c. that several persons were crossing a ford the foremost was asked by a companion how deep the water was; to which he politely replied, 'The water itself will answer you.'

29. "Ovaρ ÉπλOUтýσaμev Our wealth was all a dream.' Theat. 208, B.

30. Theat. 181, B. Plato jocosely applies the term oi Tà ἀκίνητα κινοῦντες, which in the Greek political vocabulary designated sacrilegious radicals of every hue and shade, as well as violators of private property, to the oi péovtes• cf. Legg. iii. p. 684, E; viii. p. 843, A.

31. Theæt. 183, D. Ἱππέας εἰς πεδίον προκαλεῖ Σωκράτη εἰς λόγους προκαλούμενος A phrase applied to those who give the enemy every advantage in a challenge. Schol. ad l. c.

32. Mvoŵv o čoxaτos A proverbial expression for great contempt. Theæt. p. 209, B. Cic. pro Flacco, 27, 'Si quis despicatui ducitur, Mysorum ultimus esse dicitur.'