in connection with science teaching in the higher schools and colleges, 121, aggregating over 14,000 specimens, were distributed during the year. In making exchanges with scientific establishments and individuals about the same number of duplicate specimens were utilized, but as an equivalent is obtained in these transactions they directly benefit the collections.

Exhibition halls.-The crowded state of the exhibition halls prevents any extensive additions to the public collections, but specimens are frequently received which are deemed of sufficient importance to replace others that have been for some time on display, and the installations in all branches are being constantly improved. In ethnology the interesting Malaysian collection of Dr. W. L. Abbott and Philippine collection of Dr. E. A. Mearns were substituted for some of the older material from Polynesia; the basketry collection was rearranged and several conspicuous examples of the handiwork of the Indians of southern Alaska were installed. To the exhibition in historic archeology were added a series of biblical gems, coins of the Bible, oriental manuscripts, etc. The entire collection of prehistoric archeology, occupying the large upper hall of the Smithsonian building, recently renovated, is being thoroughly revised and will soon again be opened to the public. The exhibits in technology received some interesting accessions, especially in the lines of electrical apparatus, firearms, and railroad appliances. In the gallery of ceramics the collection of purely artistic ware in porcelain, glass, lacquer, and metal work was arranged by countries in a series of separate cases.

The most important additions in biology consisted of objects which had been obtained and prepared for the Museum display at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, including a number of large exotic mammals, the skeleton and cast of the exterior of a sulphur-bottom whale about 80 feet long, accurately colored casts of several large snakes, and a fine set of models of deep-sea fishes. The American faunal exhibit of insects was nearly completed, and the synoptic series of marine invertebrates was enlarged. A number of large examples of important rocks and ores, besides several minerals and gems, were added to the collections in geology, but the most noteworthy feature was a skeleton of the great fossil Dinosaurian reptile, Triceratops prorsus, consisting chiefly of the actual bones of this Cretaceous monster, the few missing parts being reproduced in plaster. It stands 8 feet 2 inches high and measures 19 feet 8 inches long.

Visitors. The Museum building was visited during the year by 235,921 persons, and the Smithsonian building by 149,380 persons, making an average daily attendance of 753 at the former and of 477 at the latter.

Meetings and lectures.-The lecture hall was used during the last half of the year for several important functions. On March 9, 1905, the Hon. Andrew D. White delivered, before a distinguished audience, the first lecture under the Hamilton fund of the Smithsonian Institution, his subject being "The diplomatic service of the United States, with some hints toward its reform." On March 25 occurred the commencement exercises of the United States Naval Medical School, the President of the United States being present and delivering the diplomas to the graduates. Saturday afternoon lectures on zoological and botanical subjects were given there from March 18 to April 22, under the auspices of the Biological Society of Washington, the speakers being Dr. Albert Mann, Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. A. D. Hopkins, Dr. George T. Moore, Mr. William L. Underwood, and Dr. F. W. True.

The regular annual session of the National Academy of Sciences was held from April 18 to 20, the lecture hall being used for the public meetings and the office of the Assistant Secretary for business purposes, and on May 3 the hall

was occupied, for one of its daily sessions, by the American Institute of Mining Engineers, then holding its annual meeting in Washington.

Publications.-The publications issued during the past year comprised the Annual Report of the National Museum for 1903; volume 3 of Bulletin No. 50, forming the third part of Mr. Robert Ridgway's monograph of the "Birds of North and Middle America;" part 4 of volume 8 of "Contributions from the National Herbarium," entitled "Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants, No. 4," by Dr. J. N. Rose; volume 9 of the same series, composed of a single paper on "The Useful Plants of the Island of Guam," by Mr. William E. Safford; and the greater part of volume 28 of the Proceedings of the Museum. The General Appendix to the Report for 1903 comprised two papers, one by the Assistant Secretary, entitled "The United States National Museum: An Account of the Buildings Occupied by the National Collections," the other by Dr. A. B. Meyer, of Dresden, entitled Studies of the Museums and Kindred Institutions of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and Chicago, with Notes on some European Institutions."

Library. The working library of the Museum now contains about 24,170 bound volumes and 38,643 unbound papers, the additions during the past year having comprised 3,573 books, 3,048 pamphlets, and 563 parts of volumes. It is chiefly dependent on exchanges for its increases, but a large share of the books required for the classification of the collections are not to be obtained in this way, and the $2,000 annually appropriated by Congress is entirely inadequate to supply even the most important demands in this respect.

Expositions. The exhibit made by the Museum, in conjunction with the other bureaus of the Institution, formed one of the especially noteworthy features of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis, Mo., which closed on December 2, 1904. Arrangements were then begun for the Lewis and Clark Exposition, at Portland, Oreg., which opened on June 1, and is to continue until October 15, 1905. Dr. Frederick W. True was designated as the representative of the Institution and Museum, and Dr. Marcus W. Lyon, jr., as chief special agent. The exhibit for Portland, which had necessarily to be planned upon a much smaller scale than the one at St. Louis, was made up almost entirely of selections from the latter, though a few novelties were added. Respectfully submitted.

Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,

RICHARD RATHBUN,

Assistant Secretary in charge of U. S. National Museum.

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX II.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, in accordance with the act of Congress making provision "for continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution," approved April 28, 1904.

The work of the Bureau has been conducted in accordance with the plan of operations approved by the Secretary June 17, 1904. The systematic researches have been carried forward by the seven members of the Bureau's scientific staff, assisted by a large number of associates and collaborators who have been called on to prepare papers on special subjects or to conduct investigations for which their qualifications especially fitted them. During the year seven members and associates of the Bureau have made researches in the field, the regions visited including Maryland, Virginia, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Mexico.

The amount of field work has been somewhat curtailed by the necessity of detaining a number of the ethnologists in the office to assist in the completion of the Handbook of the Indians (hitherto referred to as the Cyclopedia or Dictionary of the Indian Tribes), which was designed to be submitted to the Secretary at the close of the year. The enlargement of the scope of the work to include not only descriptions of the tribes and their settlements, but also popular articles covering the whole range of ethnological and archeological research relating to them, greatly increased the amount of investigation required, but the value of the Handbook as a work of reference has been more than proportionately increased. With the view of revising and unifying the great number of articles designed for introduction into the Handbook a committee of revision was organized, consisting of members of the Bureau and all available resident anthropologists, fourteen in all, who met three times each week to discuss the papers presented. The meetings of this committee proved both interesting and profitable, and suggested the advisability of holding similar meetings hereafter for the discussion of current researches of the Bureau.

As a result of the preparation of the papers for the Handbook, covering, as they do, the entire range of Indian ethnology and administration, the researches conducted in the office during the year have been exceptionally comprehensive; every branch of anthropologic research, including somatology, psychology, linguistics, sociology, religion, technology, and æsthetics, has received such consideration as the comprehensive though necessarily brief articles for the Handbook required. Besides the articles treating of these primary departments of research, many others have been prepared, on the various phases of the history, archeology, biography, and education of the Indians and the administration of their affairs. With the exception of the bibliography and index, which were retained for reference in proof reading, the manuscript for the Handbook, accompanied with about 800 illustrations, was submitted to the Secretary July 1.

40

Under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution the Chief visited Europe for the purpose of attending the International Congress of Americanists, held at Stuttgart, Germany, beginning August 18, 1904. In addition to representing the Smithsonian Institution, he served as delegate of two other scientific organizations, and was also designated by the Department of State as the official representative at the congress of the United States Government. As a member of the scientific staff of the National Museum he was intrusted with the additional commission of visiting a number of the principal museums of Europe for the purpose of acquiring information to be utilized in the erection and furnishing of the new National Museum building. On July 26 the Chief sailed from New York in company with Mr. J. R. Marshall, of the firm of Hornblower & Marshall, architects of the new building, and reached Plymouth, England, August 1. Nine days were spent in visiting the museums of London, Oxford, and Cambridge, and eight days in similar observations in Paris, and on August 18 Stuttgart was reached. The opening session of the Congress of Americanists was held in the forenoon of that day and was attended by a large number of members and other prominent persons, including His Majesty, King William II, of Wurttemberg, who, in response to the address of the president of the congress, Prof. Karl von den Steinen, expressed at length his appreciation of the aims and work of the congress, and his pleasure at having the session held in his capital city.

A report of the last meeting of the congress, held at New York City in 1902, was presented by Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the Bureau, and other routine business was transacted. Members of the congress were invited to take luncheon with the King at his suburban palace, which was followed by a reception in the palace gardens. The King's interest was highly appreciated and contributed much to the success of the congress. During the presence of the Americanists receptions were also held by Count von Linden, vice-president of the congress, and by Mr. Edward N. Ozmun, United States consul at Stuttgart. Sessions were held on August 19, 20, 22, 23, and 24, and a large number of papers, dealing in the main with questions of American history, ethnology, and archeology, were read. On the 20th the Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology delivered an address on "Contributions of American Archeology to Human History," and at its close he presented to the congress a set of 75 bound volumes, relating chiefly to American archeology and ethnology, published by the Smithsonian Institution and two of its bureaus-the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology-for which the president extended the thanks of the congress. The Chief also presented a series of 66 photographs of American Indians, representing delegations which visited Washington during the winter of 1903-4, the series having been taken cojointly by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the National Museum. Various excursions were made to points of interest, the principal being to Schaffhausen, Switzerland, to visit the sites of Dr. J. Nuesch's recent explorations of the famous lake-dwelling stations at Schweizerbild and Koenigsbau.

After the adjournment of the congress, the Chief proceeded to Dresden, where, under the guidance of Dr. A. B. Meyer, director of the Royal Zoological and Anthropological Museum of Saxony, the various museums of that city were examined. After leaving Dresden, a number of cities in Germany, Holland, and Belgium were visited with a view to museum study, and on August 12 he returned to Paris, and on the 25th sailed from Cherbourg, en route for New York. Between the date of his arrival in Plymouth, August 1, and his departure from Paris, September 25, the Chief of the Bureau visited and made studies of upward of 50 museums. These observations are embodied in a separate report submitted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

SM 1905-7

RESEARCH WORK.

Shortly after his return from Europe in September, the Chief found it necessary to undertake the preparation of a number of articles relating to aboriginal art and archeology for the Handbook of the Indians. Among the subjects treated at some length are archeology, architecture, art, antiquity, Bureau of American Ethnology, bonework, catlinite, cliff-dwellings, copper, engraving, graphic art, mines and quarries, metal work, ornament, pottery, sculpture, shellheaps, shellwork, and stonework. The only field work undertaken by the Chief during the year was a brief visit to Cavetown, Md., for the purpose of observing the exploration there being conducted by Dr. Charles Peabody and Mr. W. K. Moorehead in the well-known cave near that village. Mr. J. D. McGuire had begun the exploration of this cave for the Carnegie Institution in 1903 and had obtained valuable evidence of its former occupancy by Indians. The present work, which consisted of extensive excavations within the outer chamber of the cavern, yielded much additional material of the same general character.

During the first few weeks of the year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, was at St. Louis supervising the final installation of the Kiowa heraldry exhibit in the Smithsonian section of the Government building, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This exhibit comprised about 120 articles, filling 50 feet of wall case, together with one floor case, and consisted of 90 small shield models, 4 original shields, 5 tipi models, 6 paintings on buckskin, with several ceremonial lances and smaller objects. On the completion of this work, after a brief leave of absence, Mr. Mooney returned to Mount Scott, in the Kiowa country, Oklahoma, where he continued his researches, including the preparation of models and the collection of ethnological material. A number of Cheyenne tipi models were also made for the Field Columbian Museum, of Chicago, with funds provided by that institution, as authorized by joint arrangement with the Bureau. At the end of October Mr. Mooney returned to Washington and was engaged in writing a preliminary paper on Kiowa heraldry until about the end of the calendar year, when he was called on to cooperate in the preparation of the Handbook of the Indians, for which work the following articles were furnished: Arawakan colony, Calusa tribe, Cheyenne tribe, Kiowa tribe, military societies, peyote, population, shields, skin-dressing, signals, sign language, Timucua tribe. Besides these about 100 minor articles were prepared, treating of tribes, biographies of noted Indians, and other subjects. In connection with this work the available information relating to the ancient tribes of Florida and the Gulf States generally was found to be so deficient and confused that Mr. Mooney undertook an investigation of the subject from original sources. A part of the results has been embodied in the Handbook of the Indians, and the foundation has been laid for an extended paper on the ethnology of this region to form a complement to his previous studies of the Siouan tribes of the east and the Cherokee. In the meantime he also supervised the photographing of the large series of shield models and other parts of the heraldry collection made by him during previous years, and prepared catalogues and labels for such portions of this material as were required for the Bureau exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent the first six months of the year in the completion of the text of his monograph on the Aborigines of Porto Rico. He left Washington on January 7, 1905, for an extended archeological trip to the Republic of Mexico, under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, and returned on the 15th of May. About three weeks were spent by Doctor Fewkes in the City of Mexico making arrangements with officials for letters