to those who could aid him in the prosecution of his studies. While not thus engaged at the capital his time was profitably employed in studying the collections in the Museo Nacional and one or two private collections, and in making several excursions to places of archeological interest in the neighborhood of the city, including several of the ruins near Lake Tezcoco, as well as those at Iztapalapa and at San Juan Teotihuacan. While awaiting letters of introduction from the President to the governors of Veracruz and Tamaulipas, Doctor Fewkes visited Cuernavaca, where he made photographs of the so-called "Victory stone," or chimalli, the pictograph of the eagle, and the famous stone lizard, and made a trip also to the ruins of Xochicalco and Tepotzlan. From the ruin known as Casa del Tepozteco he obtained copies of inscriptions on the raised seat in the inner room.

After receiving the necessary letters through the courtesy of President Diaz, Doctor Fewkes proceeded to Xalapa, in the State of Vera Cruz, which he made the base of operations during February, March, and a part of April. While in that city considerable time was devoted to an examination of the magnificent collection of Governor Dehesa, as well as the collection of Señora Estafania and others. The vicinity of Xalapa was found to be particularly rich in ruins and mounds, among which are those at Coatepec, Bandarilla, and Xalapa Viejo. An excursion was made also to Texolo, where there are thirteen or more large mounds, some of which are evidently the remains of temples of an old Totonac city. Xico Viejo, an undescribed ruin of a Nahuatl garrison town mentioned by Bernal Diaz and Gomara, was also visited in the mountains near the trail taken by Cortés from the coast to the City of Mexico in 1519. Instructive photographs of this ruin were taken, and notes made on the idols and pottery found in the neighborhood.

Doctor Fewkes made two visits to the ruins of Cempoala, about 20 miles from the city of Vera Cruz. On the first visit he was accompanied by an official representative of Governor Dehesa, by the alcalde of San Carlos, a neighboring town, and by the inspector and owner of the ruins. On the second trip, when he spent a week at the ruins, Governor Dehesa kindly permitted him to employ the services of the State photographer, Señor Ximines. At the close of March Doctor Fewkes visited the old city of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, now called Antigua, founded by Cortés. In the neighborhood of this city but on the opposite side of the river he found many mounds indicating the site of a large prehistoric city. Other ruins were observed at Santa Fe.

Doctor Fewkes examined some of the antiquities about Cordova and Orizaba; he also visited the pyramid of Cholula near Puebla, and about the middle of April proceeded to the State of Tamaulipas, spending about three weeks at Tampico in a study of the numerous ruins along the Panuco and Tamise rivers and on the adjacent lagoons, and in visiting the extensive shell heaps and temple mounds a mile east of Tampico and others not far from the site of the old town, Tampico Viejo. Doctor Fewkes found numerous antiquities at Altamira and mounds on the banks of the Champayan lagoon. Many other evidences of former occupancy, as idols, pottery, stone weapons, and ornaments, were seen in this region. The old city of Chila, destroyed by Cortés, situated about 10 miles west of Tampico, was found to be hidden in a forest. Evidences of temples and burial mounds also occur abundantly in this locality. About 50 photographs of bowls, jars, and idols found in the neighborhood of Panuco, Tampico, and the lagoons along the banks of the Tamise River, were made. Of more than usual interest are those of large stone idols at Altamira and in the courtyard of a house in Tampico.

On his return to Washington Doctor Fewkes continued the study from his notes and photographs, and prepared a general account of his visit to Cempoala

and Xicochimalco, which was transmitted for publication by the Smithsonian Institution. The illustrative material brought back includes about 200 large photographic negatives, numerous smaller views, tracings of pictographs, and many drawings, plans, and maps.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, was engaged during the year largely on the Handbook of the Indians, assisting Mr. Hodge in the laborious task of preparing the manuscripts for publication. Among the articles written by Doctor Thomas during the year for this work are agriculture, calendar, counting, Five Civilized Tribes, fortifications, habitations, maize, migrations, mortuary customs, mounds and mound builders, population, reservations, treaties, besides a number of biographical sketches and archeological articles of a more special character. The work of reading the proofs of Bulletin 28, which required especial acquaintance with archeology and glyphic systems of the ancient Mexicans, was also intrusted to Doctor Thomas. This reading was completed before the end of the year. Doctor Thomas was also frequently called on for data required in official correspondence relating to his special branches of research.

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, at the beginning of the year began the preparation of various articles for the Handbook of the Indians, and continued the correction and elaboration of the material pertaining to the Iroquoian stock for the same work, Among the articles furnished are those on adoption, clans and gentes, confederations, chiefs, government, mythology, religion, scalping, wampum, and women. The work of cataloguing the collection of linguistic manuscripts, of which Mr. Hewitt is custodian, was completed as far as copying the old cards in duplicate, when the work was laid aside for that of the Handbook. Mr. Hewitt also gave material assistance in furnishing data required in the correspondence of the Bureau relating to tribes and languages. Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, spent the month of July in New Mexico, where she had been for some months making a study of the arts, industries, religion, and social customs of the Zuñi tribe.. It was observed that the Zuñi pantheon is largely similar to that of the Hopi and the Rio Grande pueblos. Although the Zuñi worship numerous deities which take both human and bestial form, they believe also in a supreme power without form, yet embracing all form, the breath of life-life itself. These beliefs indicate that the Zuñi have reached a higher stage of culture than has previously been supposed, although it can not yet be said to what extent this may be attributed to the Spanish influence to which the tribe was more or less subjected for three centuries. Various details relating to Zuñi life were investigated, and valuable information regarding mortuary customs was obtained through the death and burial of Naiuchi, a celebrated priest-chief, whose demise occurred during Mrs. Stevenson's stay in Zuñi pueblo. Native plants entering into the medicine and dietary of the Zuñi were also studied; the arts of preparing and dyeing wool, which have not been practiced for many years, were observed, and specimens of the native materials and devices employed in the process, as well as of the dyed wool, were collected. Studies of symbolism as embodied in Zuñi textile and ceramic art, and investigations into the everyday life, and especially the child-life, of the pueblo were likewise made.

Early in August a day was spent by Mrs. Stevenson with the Santa Clara Indians in making a series of photographs of their annual fiesta. The month was occupied principally, however, in a study of the Sia Indians, a few days being given to the neighboring Jemez pueblo. On the 27th Mrs. Stevenson reached Cochiti, whence a visit was made to the great stone carving of cougars on the mesa 10 miles distant. In Mrs. Stevenson's comparative studies

these sculptures are of special interest, as they are referred to in some of the most sacred myths of the Zuñi. The first of September was employed in a visit to the cavate and mesa ruins about 12 miles from Santa Clara and in making observations among the Tewa people of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, and San Juan pueblos. The religious beliefs, rituals, and daily customs of these people were found to be closely allied to those of Zuñi, difference in language alone indicating that distinct peoples are involved. In October Mrs. Stevenson returned to Washington, where she has since been engaged in the revision of proofs of her memoir on the Zuñi Indians, in the Twenty-third Annual Report, and, as opportunity afforded, in the elaboration of her several studies on Zuñi religious beliefs, on the edible and medicinal plants of Zuñi, on symbolism as embodied in the textile and ceramic arts, and on the dyeing of textile fabrics.

Dr. J. R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged during the year in copying and preparing for the press material obtained by him among the Tlingit Indians of Alaska during the winter of 1903-4. This work, as completed, consists of 137 pages treating of the general ethnology of the Tlingit peoples, 20 native texts with interlinear and free translations, the words of about 100 songs, with translations, together with English versions of 88 stories obtained at Sitka and Wrangell-altogether forming 900 typewritten pages. Doctor Swanton has also prepared grammatical accounts of the Dakota, Haida, and Tlingit languages for introduction into the Handbook of Indian Languages now in course of preparation under the direction of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the Bureau; and he has also been called on to contribute several articles for the Handbook of the Indians, including kinship, names and naming, priests and priesthood, thunderbird, totem poles, secret societies, and social organization.

Dr. A. S. Gatschet, ethnologist, continued his work on certain unfinished linguistic studies which it was hoped could be completed for publication before his failing health made further progress impossible, but in January he was compelled to practically relinquish his efforts, and on March 13 was placed on furlough.

Early in the year arrangements were made with the United States National Museum to have Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropology in the Museum, visit Arizona and New Mexico on behalf of the Bureau for the purpose of making physical, physiological, and medical observations among the Apache and Pima Indians. Leaving Washington on January 20, Doctor Hrdlicka began his studies, five days later, on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, where he remained until February 8, when he visited a group of Apache residing near what is known as the Sawmill, in the Black River Region. From this point he returned to San Carlos, and on February 13 reached the Rice Station Apache School and district, situated farther northeast on the reservation. On February 26, Doctor Hrdlicka endeavored to reach the White Mountain branch of the Apache, but was prevented from doing so by exceptionally heavy rains. On March 1 he was able to proceed to Sacaton, Ariz.,where studies of the Pima tribe were made. From March 12 to 16 he was at Casa Blanca. On the latter date he returned to Casa Grande, and thence proceeded to El Paso, Tex., reaching the reservation of the Mescalero Apache in New Mexico on the 19th. After remaining six days with the Mescaleros, Doctor Hrdlicka began his return journey, reaching Washington March 31.

Doctor Hrdlicka's researches were conducted with the object of supplementing his former investigations among the same tribes. As much attention as possible was devoted to the children, from birth onward, the number examined

being nearly 1,000. Other important subjects to which study was especially devoted were fecundity, mortality, native foods, hygiene, disease, and curative means and methods. These studies were greatly facilitated by the officials of the Indian Office, and met with little objection on the part of the Indians.

In addition to his direct anthropologic investigations, Doctor Hrdlicka succeeded in gathering specimens of about 150 medicinal and food plants and a number of ethnological objects. He procured one Apache skull and five complete Apache skeletons, and in addition to making observations of value among the ancient ruins of the general region, obtained many archeological specimens from hitherto unexplored ruins in the San Carlos Valley.

In April, Mr. E. L. Hewett, who was engaged during the winter months in preparing for the Bureau an archeological map of Colorado and New Mexico, was commissioned to proceed to New Mexico for the purpose of making extended researches among the ancient ruins of the so-called Pajarito Plateau district. His first work was the investigation of numerous deserted and ruined pueblos of the Tewa tribes. This was followed by excavations of ancient mounds in Otowi Canyon, which yielded results of exceptional interest. Upward of 175 burials were uncovered, and the osseous remains of more than 100 individuals were collected and forwarded for study in the National Museum. The art remains comprise numerous entire earthenware vessels and many fragments, with a fair complement of implements of bone and stone. Mr. Hewett was fortunate in reaching this arid spot in an exceptionally wet season, as he found water within easy reach. At the close of the year he had completed his studies within the boundaries of Pajarito Plateau and was preparing to explore explore the plateaus and mountains to the west and the Jemez Valley beyond. In June a report reaching the Bureau that important finds of prehistoric remains of man and art had been made on the site of the forthcoming Jamestown Exposition, near Norfolk, Va., Mr. J. D. McGuire was commissioned to visit the locality and report on the character of the discoveries made. Mr. McGuire spent one day on the exposition grounds collecting such information as was available, and later reported that although traces of human remains had been exposed in the excavations of the exposition company, the reports had been greatly exaggerated, the discoveries being meager and uniform in character with the relics of countless other sites in the Chesapeake-Potomac region.

The work of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, was confined to the preparation of the Handbook of American Languages which has been under way for several years. The main part of the field work for the first part of the Handbook was closed during the present year and some field work designed to be embodied in the second part was taken up. Doctor Boas also furnished the article on languages for the Handbook of the Indians.

In the course of the fiscal year the following manuscripts for the Handbook of American Languages have been submitted.

1. Dr. P. E. Goddard: Grammatical notes on the Hupa (Athapascan stock). 2. Dr. A. L. Kroeber: Grammatical notes on the Yuki (Yukian stock).

3. Dr. Roland B. Dixon: Grammatical notes on the Maidu (Pujunan stock). 4. Dr. William Jones: Grammatical notes on the Sauk and Fox (Algonquian stock).

5. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Dakota (Siouan stock). 6. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Haida (Skittagetan stock).

7. Dr. John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Tlingit (Koluschan stock). 8. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Kwakiutl (Wakashan stock). 9. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Chinook (Chinookan stock).

The following manuscripts are still outstanding:

1. J. N. B. Hewitt: Grammatical notes on the Iroquois (Iroquoian stock). 2. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Eskimo (Eskimauan stock). 3. Dr. Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Tsimshian (Chimmesyan stock). During the year the grammatical notes on the Shoshoni by Mr. H. H. St. Clair. 2d, have been revised.

The general plan of the Handbook of Languages has undergone no material change, except in so far as it was deemed advisable to add briefer articles on the grammar of the remaining languages of the northern part of the continent. These are the Tlingit, the Salish, the Kutenai, and the Chemakum. It is also deemed advisable to add a sketch of one of the coast languages of Oregon which was collected during the year 1904-5 by Mr. St. Clair, who submitted his material on the Coosa and Takilma of Oregon during the present year.

It also seemed desirable to add some data relating to the formation of the noun in Chinook, which seemed of importance in order to clear up some questions relating to the fundamental traits of that family of languages. Since all our information on this stock is derived from one informant, it seemed essential to obtain additional material from other sources and from another dialect. For this reason preparations were made to send Mr. E. Sapir to the upper Columbia River to make a study of the Wasco. In the preparation of this work the Kathlamet Dictionary, based on Bulletin 26, was arranged and copied. The work on the southern group of languages will require long and energetic field work. So far only one of the languages of the Gulf States, the Yuchi, has been taken up, this tribe being selected because it seems most likely to furnish material that will be not only of linguistic value but will afford knowledege of the early history and customs of the Southeast. This work has been intrusted to Mr. Frank G. Speck, who spent the summer of 1904 among the Yuchi tribe and who returned to this field at the close of the fiscal year.

HANDBOOK OF THE INDIANS.

Work on the Handbook of the Indians North of Mexico, hitherto frequently referred to as the "Dictionary of Indian Tribes," has been vigorously prosecuted during the year under the immediate supervision of Mr. F. W. Hodge, of the Smithsonian Institution, who, with the approval of the Secretary, has devoted most of his time thereto. Mr. Hodge has had the almost undivided assistance of Dr. Cyrus Thomas; and, as occasion required, nearly the entire scientific staff of the Bureau has aided both in the preparation of the anthropologic and kindred articles and in the revision and elaboration of the tribal descriptions found to be necessary by reason of recently acquired knowledge. So far as the funds of the Bureau afforded, the aid of ethnologists not officially connected with the Bureau was also enlisted. The services generously rendered by these, either gratuitously or for merely a nominal consideration, are highly appreciated.

As outlined in former reports it was originally the plan of Major Powell to classify the linguistic families, tribes, and settlements north of Mexico and to identify the various names by which these had been known in the vast literature of the subject, with a brief description of each such group. This material, recorded on many thousands of cards, became known as the "Cyclopedia of Tribes, with Synonymy."

In 1903 the Secretary altered the scope of the work by directing the incorporation of brief separate articles pertaining to the habits, customs, arts, and industries of the Indians, and of their dealings with the Government, together with biographies of noted individuals and a list of words of northern Indian