arrangements that the usual sickness and thousand Protestant Irish arrived in Penndeath among emigrants at sea were almost sylvania in the single year 1729, and there entirely avoided in the ships which came un- was not a colony in which they did not der hi; direction. In the colony he bore more plant themselves. The fiery temper of the than his share of hardships, slept on the Irish frontiersmen did much to embroil Pennground and wore a kilt with the Highlanders, sylvania with the Indians, and that race has exposed himself everywhere, and won the produced a great number of daring pioneers. admiration even of the savages, from among The woodsmen who fought over every mile whom he led a retinue of "Indian kings" to of Kentucky's dark and bloody ground, and England on his return, one of whom was the who pushed back the fierce Miamis, Delafamous Tomo-chi-chi, who became for a while wares, Wyandots and Shawnees, inch by inch, the lion of London society. While Oglethorpe on the north side of the Ohio, came, in very was in the colony to feed the people at pub- many cases, from the Irish stock of Western lic expense, and to overthrow the Spanish by Pennsylvania and the Virginia valleys. Presa brilliant maneuvering of his small force ident Andrew Jackson and the impetuous that was worthy of Prince Eugène himself, John C. Calhoun were both sons of emithe popularity of the governor suppressed the grants from Ireland. growing discontent. But all of his regulations, and even his popularity, utterly broke down after a while. Colonization is a hard task at best; but the addition of artificial limitations made the lot of the Georgia settlers peculiarly irritating, and their lack of a share in the government robbed them of the hope of redress for their wrongs. The settlement declined by migration to South Carolina. The trustees yielded one by one many of their restrictions—even the beneficent one against the introduction of slaves—and in 1752 they surrendered the government to the crown, leaving the colonists to work out their improvement by the only method ever tried with success, the gradual education of the people under the operation of institutions suited to their conditions, and ameliorated, as civilization increases, by free political action. X. RACE ELEMENTS. It will be seen that while the preponderating element in colonial life was English, this was in most of the provinces mixed with and modified by many others. Ireland and Scotland naturally furnished the greater number after the English. To establish Episcopacy in the three kingdoms, and to extirpate Dissent had been the purpose of English legislation; the planting of the colonies with Dissenters and Presbyterians had been the chief result. Thousands of Scotch came into New England at an early period, Cromwell exported to Boston some hundreds of Scotch prisoners after the battles of Dunbar and Worcester, and there was no colony that did not receive reënforcements from Scotland. But, in the eighteenth century, Ireland sent the greatest number; the immigration of Irish Presbyterians before the American Revolution being relatively as remarkable as the coming of Irish Catholics has been in later times. Five VOL. XXV.-70. Of all immigrations from the European continent, the German has always been the most numerous, as it was, no doubt, the first. The so-called "Dutchmen" who were sent over to make potash in Virginia were probably Germans. Some Germans came with the Puritans in the earlier migrations to Massachusetts Bay. The vast movement from the Palatinate of the Lower Rhine, in colonial times, had its beginning as early as the foundation of New Sweden, which had some Palatine forerunners. But the tendency of the German Quakers and the Mennonists, or non-resistant Anabaptists, to seek shelter in Pennsylvannia, where soldiering would not be required, brought the real beginning of that great Teutonic flood, the ultimate magnitude of which cannot yet be measured. From Pennsylvania as a distributing point, the Germans, along with the Scotch and Scotch-Irish, moved down the valleys and the eastern flank of the Appalachian range of mountains into Virginia and North Carolina, where many of the curious customs brought from the Rhine survived even after the Revolution. The first of the Pennsylvania Germans who sought a grant of land in the valley of Virginia was a man named Stover, who only secured it with much difficulty, by giving to every horse, dog, cow, pig, and chicken that he possessed, a human name, and representing in England,-whither he had gone to press his claim,-that all of these were ready to move with him to the new country. Other Germans, fleeing persecution, came directly to Virginia, and were granted the same liberal immunities as had been previously given to the Huguenots. The Virginia opposition to Dissenters did not extend to people who were so unhappy as not to speak the English language. In 1708 there set in the small beginning of a movement which brought to England in the two following years about thirteen thou sand poor people from the Palatinate. Their country had suffered extremely in the wars waged by Louis XIV., and their reigning prince had changed his religion; so that the territory which had previously been a refuge for persecuted Huguenots from France, and Mennonists exiled by Protestant bigotry from Berne and Zürich, fell under the rule of a Roman Catholic. Some interest, political or commercial, fostered the emigration of these people to England; mysterious strangers were said to have circulated among the simple and sufficiently wretched Palatine peasants papers offering them vague inducements to remove to England, whence they were to be taken in a body to one of the plantations. It is impossible to believe, as the Tories insisted, that the Whig leaders had brought these refugees to England with the foolish intent of "strengthening the dissenting interest." It is more likely that some colonial proprietors sought to fill their waste lands at the expense of the royal treasury. Certain it is that the emigrants were deceived, and must have perished had it not been for large expenditures on the part of the government and the most liberal private contributions of money,-to say nothing of liturgies which were expeditiously translated into "High Dutch" to win them to the English Church, and so perhaps to prevent their "strengthening the dissenting interest." Some were sent to "strengthen the Protestant interest in Ireland," where their exceptionally industrious and thrifty descendants may still be found; others went to North Carolina with Baron De Graffenreid, and some settled at Governor Spotswood's ironworks in Virginia; some went to Maryland, and yet others found their way to the hill country of South Carolina. About four thousand of these wretched exiles were dispatched to New York, of whom seventeen hundred died during the voyage and soon after. The survivors were to carry out one of those visionary projects so often cherished by English public men dabbling in colonization. In 1703, the Swedes had raised the price of naval stores by putting their production under an exclusive monopoly. What could be easier than to set these refugees from the Palatinate to making tar and pitch in America? Accordingly, a hundred thousand pine trees near the Hudson River were got ready for tar-making in 1711, but the money failed; the half-starved Germans complained of their servitude, and at length broke away. Some of the refugees settled on the Hudson, where many of their descendants dwell to-day; others went to Schoharie County; while three hundred, unwilling to accept the ten acres apiece offered them in New York, and hearing of the pros perity of their countrymen in Pennsylvania, made a bold push down the wilderness streams into the back regions of that province. In after years, when German immigrants were compelled to land at New York, they contemptuously took the first ship for Philadelphia, and from this time the rich limestone lands of Pennsylvania became the home of the German. Next to the Germans, French Protestants were the most numerous and the most widely distributed of immigrants from the European continent to America. They were of the fineflower of an accomplished people; men of active minds, austere morals, heroic courage, and often of refined manners. Their descendants have furnished many men of distinction; such were Laurens, Jay, Boudinot, and Gallatin in civil life, Horry and Marion in war. In France, the Huguenots endured civil wars and harassing persecutions with sublime steadfastness. To get out of France, which was guarded like a prison, they were obliged to flee with secrecy, abandoning all their property and their means of livelihood. The members of one family were accustomed to tell how they had left the pot boiling on the fire when they came away, while another household deceived the police by giving an entertainment and fleeing while their guests were feasting at the table. At first, the refugees were dependent on alms and government aid in the countries in which they found shelter; but their thrift and skill in handicraft work soon lifted the economic civilization of Switzerland, Germany, Holland, England, and America to a higher level. The growing intolerance of the government of France produced a constant increase in the number of emigrant Huguenots, and we find them obtaining land in Massachusetts in 1662, and settling in Ulster County, New York, at about the same period. Many were deterred from coming to the English colonies by the reactionary tendency of the Stuarts, and especially by the accession of a Catholic king. In one letter, written by a Huguenot to friends in Europe, there is a mysterious use of the letter "r," as standing for something concerning which observation is to be sought; doubtless "roi" is the word to be supplied. The subserviency of James II. to the policy of Louis XVI. was well known. But when the edict of Nantes had been revoked in 1685, and the Protestant Prince of Orange had succeeded to the English throne by the revolution of 1688, the French Protestants came in great numbers to the different colonies, as to Virginia,-where their neat little vine-clad dwellings extended for many miles along the James River above Richmond, to Trent River in North Carolina, and to South Carolina, which last soon came to be their favorite place of refuge. The French were, next to the Dutch, the most numerous nationality in New Amsterdam, and in 1656 public documents were issued in French; and this was occasionally done under the early English governors. In 1715, Fontaine of Virginia, visiting New York, made the mistake of supposing them the largest element in the population. "They are of the council, of the parliament, and in all other employments," he writes. There was often a picturesque aspect to the religious enthusiasm of expatriated emigrants, such as was shown when the Salsburgers in Georgia selected and laid off their land with a Bible in their hands, and when the Huguenot women in Westchester carried mortar in their aprons to expedite the building of their little church. An aged Huguenot at New Rochelle was accustomed to go down to the water-side at sunrise and pray with his hands extended toward France, in which act of devotion and patriotism he was sometimes joined by others. The New Rochelle people, for the most part, attended church in New York at certain periods to receive the sacraments, and they used to walk the eighteen or twenty miles on Sunday morning, always singing one of the psalms from Clement Marot's version as they set out. The long distance was retraced the same evening, that they might be ready for their arduous toil on Monday morning. Even under the sun of South Carolina the labors of the French exiles were incessant. The Huguenot grandfather and grandmother of General Horry began life by working together at the whip-saw on the banks of the Santee, and the mother of Gabriel Maginault, the patriotic millionaire of the Revolutionary period, writes to her brother in Europe: "I have been for six months to gether without taking bread, while I work the ground like a slave; and I have even passed three or four years together without always having it when I wanted it." French memoir on the state of Canada declares that the Huguenots who have fled in great numbers to New England constitute the main force of the expeditions against Canada, "and openly proclaim that they will revenge themselves on the priests, friars, and nuns of that country." In the alarms that followed the unsuccessful_expedition of Sir William Phips against Quebec, the specter of Huguenot vengeance appears again. Among the foes whom Canada has to dread, we find enumerated French Calvinists who had once marched against Quebec, and "who flatter themselves that they will come again in order to indemnify themselves for the losses they allege they have sustained in quitting France." The fear was mutual; Peter Reverdye writes to the Bishop of London in 1689, that "there are two hundred French families about New York which will be put to the torture if the French take it." This fear was an exaggerated one, perhaps, but in the splendid scheme of conquest and depopulation which Frontenac was instructed to execute against New York in that same year, "the fugitive French of the pretended reformed religion" were to be sent back to France, probably for purposes of conversion, or perchance for the supply of the galleys, which just at that time were in such need of galériens that Iroquois braves, captured by treachery in time of peace, had been chained to the benches among thieves and Huguenots. There was a miscellaneous but less significant emigration to America from other countries of Europe than those we have named. Switzerland contributed not only directly by means of voluntary emigration, but indirectly through the Mennonists from the Palatinate, many of whom had been cruelly expelled by Protestant bigotry from some of the Swiss cantons. Zwingli, the reformer, a man from whom one might expect better things, condemned one of the founders of these "harmless" Anabaptists to die by drowning, giving sentence with a cruel joke: "Qui iterum mergit mergatur," "he that dips again, let him be dipped"; and the persecution of them in parts of Switzerland was maintained at intervals for a century later, and with especial virulence in Berne. The Huguenots had suffered too much and had been too often in hostility to the royal family to hold any allegiance to France, though it was thought prudent, in 1692, to forbid their living in sea-ports on the While the proprietors of unoccupied lands ground that there might be other than in America were glad to find French and Protestants among them. The French in German occupants, many of the English colCanada, however, were in fear of them, onists had a prejudice against them. We exaggerating their numbers and probably have seen how shabbily the French settlers their ferocity. Denonville, Governor of were treated in South Carolina. The powerCanada, reports to the French Government ful influence of the enlightened Colonel Byrd in 1686: "I know that some have arrived was necessary to keep the Huguenots in at Boston from France. Here is fresh countenance in Virginia. In Pennsylvania material for banditti." Again, in 1691, a it was represented to Governor Gordon, in 1727," that a large number of Germans, peculiar in their dress, religion, and notions of political government, had settled on Pequea, and determined not to obey lawful authority of government; that they had resolved to speak their own language, and acknowledge no sovereign but the Creator of the universe." The fears of both the English and the provincial government were excited by the arrival of so many Germans, and in 1729 Pennsylvania laid a duty of forty shillings a head on alien immigrants,—a tariff for the protection of British American population against foreign competition. Even Franklin was not without fear of danger to the State from the inoffensive Pennsylvania Germans, many of whom still, indeed, persist in the crime of speaking their own language, and in some sects continue to be peculiar in their dress. From the beginning, the Americans have been a migratory people. New Englanders, as we have seen, planted themselves in Westchester and on Long Island, came by throngs into East Jersey, and migrated to the more southern colonies. So Virgin ians helped to people Maryland and North Carolina, migrated northward to New York, and, even before the Revolution, began to look wistfully over the mountain barrier into the great interior valley. New York Dutch migrated to South Carolina; some of them settled also in Maine, Pennsylvania, and Maryland; while Pennsylvanians, excited by fear of Indian massacre during the French wars, occupied much of the mountain and "piedmont" regions of the colonies to the southward. It is said that of three thousand five hundred militiamen of Orange County in North Carolina, during the Revolution, every man was a native of Pennsylvania. There was an incessant movement to and fro of people seeking to better their condition. Once the European had broken away from his mooring of centuries, the vastness of the new continent piqued him, and he became a rover. This instability as to place remains yet in the American character. The mental alertness, which comes of changing circumstances, new scenes, and unexpected difficulties, was early remarked by travelers as a characteristic of the native of the colonies. PISIDICÊ. The incident is from the Love Stories of Parthenius, who preserved fragments of a lost epic on the expedition of Achilles against Lesbos, an island allied with Troy. YATIL. WHILE in Paris, in the spring of 1878, I witnessed an accident in a circus, which for a time made me renounce all athletic exhibitions. Six horses were stationed side by side in the ring before a spring-board, and the whole company of gymnasts ran and turned somersaults from the spring over the horses, alighting on a mattress spread on the ground. The agility of one finely developed young fellow excited great applause every time he made the leap. He would shoot forward in the air like a javelin, and in his flight curl up and turn over directly above the mattress, dropping on his feet as lightly as a bird. This play went on for some minutes, and at each round of applause the favorite seemed to execute his leap with increased skill and grace. Finally, he was seen to gather himself a little farther in the background than usual, evidently to prepare for a better start. The instant his turn came, he shot out of the crowd of attendants and launched himself into the air with tremendous momentum. Almost quicker than the eye could follow him, he had turned and was dropping to the ground, his arms held above his head, which hung slightly forward, and his legs stretched to meet the shock of the elastic mattress. But this time he had jumped an inch too far. His feet struck just on the edge of the mattress, and he was thrown violently forward, doubling up on the ground with a dull thump, which was heard all over the immense auditorium. He remained a second or two motionless, then sprang to his feet, and as quickly sank to the ground again. The ring attendants and two or three gymnasts rushed to him and took him up. The clown, in evening dress, personating the mock ring-master, the conventional spotted merryman, and a stalwart gymnast in buff fleshings, bore the drooping form of the favorite in their arms, and, followed by the by-standers, who offered ineffectual assistance, carried the wounded man across the ring and through the draped arch under the music gallery. Under any other circumstances the group would have excited a laugh, for the audience was in that condition of almost hysterical excitement when only the least effort of a clown is necessary to cause a wave of laughter. But the moment the wounded man was lifted from the ground, the whole strong light from the brilliant chandelier struck full on his right leg dangling from the knee, with the foot VOL. XXV.-71. hanging limp and turned inward. A deep murmur of sympathy swelled and rolled around the crowded amphitheater. I left the circus, and hundreds of others did the same. A dozen of us called at the boxoffice to ask about the victim of the accident. He was advertised as "The Great Polish Champion Bare-back Rider and Aërial Gymnast." We found that he was really a native of the East, whether Pole or Russian the ticket-seller did not know. His real name was Nagy, and he had been engaged only recently, having returned a few months before from a professional tour in North America. He was supposed to have money, for he commanded a good salary, and was sober and faithful. The accident, it was said, would probably disable him for a few weeks only, and then he would resume his engagement. The next day an account of the accident was in the newspapers, and twenty-four hours later all Paris had forgotten about it. For some reason or other I frequently thought of the injured man, and had an occasional impulse to go and inquire after him; but I never went. It seemed to me that I had seen his face before, when or where I tried in vain to recall. It was not an impressive face, but I could call it up at any moment as distinct to my mind's eye as a photograph to my physical vision. Whenever I thought of him, a dim, very dim, memory would fit through my mind, which I could never seize and fix. Two months later, I was walking up the Rue Richelieu, when some one, close beside me and a little behind, asked me in Hungarian if I was a Magyar. I turned quickly to answer no, surprised at being thus addressed, and beheld the disabled circus-rider. It flashed upon me, the moment I saw his face, that I had seen him in Turin three years before. My surprise at the sudden identification of the gymnast was construed by him into vexation at being spoken to by a stranger. He began to apologize for stopping me, and was moving away, when I asked him about the accident, remarking that I was present on the evening of his misfortune. My next question, put in order to detain him, was: "Why did you ask if I was a Hungarian?" "Because you wear a Hungarian hat," was the reply. This was true. I happened to have on a |