ratio there was from the years 1856 to 1866, when it was at the rate of 1,310 to the 10,000. The average ratio of all the Pennsylvania Hospitals is 1,064 to the 10,000; while Harrisburg Hospital presents a ratio of only 547 to the 10,000.

This table then proves, if it proves anything at all, that "insanity from intemperance," as it is returned, prevails more in the very head-quarters of prohibitory legislation and principles, than it does in the whiskey region of the West and the North-West, where, before the war-tax, whiskey could have been bought at the distilleries for a quarter of a dollar the gallon, and where also the manufacture of wine from the native grape has grown to be an important business of the people, and "prohibition" is known only by name.

I will admit, however, that prohibition, as such, may be excluded from the argument. It has really existed in New England, only in name. And, it is fair to give the remonstrants the benefit of the fact in the argument. But it is true, that a large degree of abstinence, even to totality, has existed in New England, in fact, ever since these hospital records began to be made. How shall we account then for the fact, which the remonstrants have themselves thus proved, that Massachusetts, admitted to be so far ahead of Pennsylvania and Ohio, in technical or ritual temperance,

suffers from twice to four times as much, from insanity.caused by intemperance, as they do? I suppose the truth to be, that the real or primary cause of much of the insanity of men falling into intemperate habits, and reported as made crazy by those habits, could be traced to anterior causes. These, distracting, breaking down, weakening and disheartening the man, in mind and body, left him to topple over into drunkenness, in which condition he first disclosed occasion for anxiety to his friends, and from which, by the rapid development of the undiscerned, though earlier, malady, he descended rapidly into some form of positive, visible insanity, of which drunkenness, as the last antecedent, became the apparent cause. On this point I might content myself with merely citing the testimony of Dr. Morel himself in his very treatise * which was quoted by Dr. Jarvis on other points. By means of drinking, it became known, for the first time, that the patient was crazy at all. And, this

*Traité des Degénérescences, etc., by Dr. Morel, page 133, note; where the learned author says: "Les débuts de l'aliènatèon mentale offrent une telle complexité, qu'il est bien difficile aux parents de se fixer sur l'influence principale sous laquelle se développe le mal. Il arrive bien souvent que telle cause qu'ils regardent comme efficiente, n'est souvent qu'un effet secondaire."

"The beginnings of mental alienation present such complexity that it is extremely difficult even for relatives of the patient to make sure of the principal influence under which the malady develops. It often occurs that what they regard as the efficient cause, is in reality only a secondary effect."

was the true history of the tragic case of one of the most brilliant men, by nature, I have ever known. But how does this theory account for the phenomenon of apparently drunken insanity here, in excess of such insanity there? My answer is, that from the causes I have already indicated, there is more insanity, in the aggregate, among our people, in proportion to numbers, than there is in the other sections. And the mistake being often made, of supposing drink to be its cause, where, in a large class of cases, it is rather the antecedent than the cause, we are, therefore, reported to have twice as much mental disease created by drink, when in fact we consume very much less drink to create it.

Let me give a further proof. The whole number of deaths recorded as caused by "Insanity," occurring in the years 1859, '60, found in the volume on "Mortality" prepared by Dr. Jarvis himself, and printed by order of Congress, was 452 in all the States. There were other insane persons who died, but whose deaths were immediately caused by other diseases superinduced. But of those who died from insanity, the proportion was twice as great in the northeastern as in the north-western districts, twice as great as in the south-west, more than twice as great as in the south-east, and more than twice as

great as in the tier of States comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas, and a great deal larger than in other districts, except in California. It is plain, therefore, that insanity is a disease, which, in its various manifestations, appears in larger ratio, and is fatal to more people, in the north-east, than in most other portions of the country. The excess in California is truly ascribed by Dr. Jarvis, (on page 243 of the Census Volume of "Mortality,”) to "the excitement and oppressive anxieties, and the great and sudden changes of fortune among many of the people." Applying the same rule to the north-east, we find the cause of our greater ratio of insanity, in the commercial fortuities, the speculative adventures, the hurrying, crowded, excited, anxious habits of manufacturing and commercial cities, the excessive nervous exposure of artists, poets, lawyers, and all persons of overtasked brains, distinguishing our civilization. Insanity, indeed, is peculiarly "a feature of developing civilization."* It is thus described by our own Board of State Charities, and with learned emphasis. Besides, the bad sanitary condition of narrow lanes and alleys, where certain classes abide and die before their time, among

* Second Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of State Charities, p. ciii. (Mass. Pub. Doc. 1865, No. 19.)

the denser populations, piles up another agony in the accumulation of human woe, of which madness is one of the mysterious signs. Thus our sum total of insanity is relatively greater than for example, that of the West. But this excess of our own insanity compared with population, furnishes no reason why the peculiar form of madness incident to drunkenness should be still further increased and be twice as common in proportion to our whole volume of insanity. But, if this appearance is not merely superficial; if it is real; and if in Massachusetts, in fact, more than twice as many people go mad from drink as in other places known to be less abstinent, I leave the unexplained phenomenon to be disposed of by others. I believe the explanation to be, (and these statistics concur in proving it,) that drunkenness is oftentimes a manifestation of independently existing mania, mistaken, by superficial observation, for the cause.

These leaves of Dr. Jarvis have still further value. They confirm, by the weight of his opinion, the tables of mortality in the Census. It had been contended on behalf of the remonstrants, that such returns could deserve little trust; that the deaths from "delirium tremens," and from "intemperance," and from “insanity," as returned and tabulated, could not be true. But Dr. Jarvis himself exhibits now just such tables,