and of which he was one of the leading spirits, to erect small earth mounds whenever the ceremony was performed. No knowledge of the group could possibly have explained the first change and the use of the shepherd's crook would have been only partially and inadequately appreciated if it had been accounted for by simply saying that at the buffalo dance such a mound was erected and that it was apparently incorporated in this new ceremony. It is just such instances as these that tell us why certain elements are found in a culture and it is just because we rarely are fortunate enough to obtain them, that many historians resort to an analytical reconstruction of the motives of individuals. Theirs is at least the correct attitude.

One may or may not care to draw general psychological implications from such definitely observed facts, but he who does and does it with due humility, is on much firmer ground than he who applies what, at bottom, are philosophically determined formulae.

One other advantage-and it must be added disadvantage-ethnology possesses as compared with history. History is perforce compelled to accept those facts that a kind fate has left to her. Ethnology, at least for a few generations, can determine what specific facts shall-possibly for all time-constitute what is known of a certain group. It thus depends largely upon the ethnological field worker whether the account be stressed in one way or in another, full or slight. It is a sad commentary upon ethnological research that, knowing this, cultures should almost always be described by one man and that a certain feeling of proprietary ownership is thus frequently manifested by field workers for the particular tribe they happen to be investigating. A real critique of sources, the first requirement for the historian is quite excluded in ethnology, for a man, naturally enough, does not feel like giving the world too frank an indication of what his leanings are, of his abilities, his temperament, although in reality it ought to be a prime requisite. The crying need in the investigation of primitive

people is that at least two persons study the same tribe. Yet in spite of all these strictures a field worker of broad attainments and interests and a careful training, has an opportunity, since he selects the data, of obtaining an account of a group historians might well envy.

TWO SONNETS

GEORGE R. MACMINN

To the American College Man in France

True sons are ye that lift your shining eyes

To sterner lessons than your mothers taught,
Eyes that had scanned brave rede but not yet caught
Breast-nerving ardor of soul's enterprise;

Staunch sons are ye that under alien skies,

Or in them, win the heart's leap that ye sought
In battle-simulating play, well fought

With muscled fierceness gaily warrior-wise.

Know ye that lineage by your mothers kept

Well testamented till the blazing day

When your free blood must make the right the strong?

Your warring fathers have not died nor slept:

How march they in the poet's sounding lay!

From history's page how now they shout and throng!

To the American Colleges at this Hour

Your cherished sons, how many now are flown

Far on the hardy ways of battle-quest!

Great be your pride! No grief can wring the breast
That finds its lusty nurselings true men grown:
Forth sprang they at first call of trumpet blown
From overseas to rouse the listening West;
And bright their faces at your grave behest:
"For enmity to man must blood atone!"

Your sons, how much they need your treasured store
Of weapons for the warfare of the soul:

Wisdom to know the cause, and courage high
To thrust it home, and faith, and vivid lore
Of all good fighters, mind-free and heart-whole:
So armed, they conquer death, they cannot die.

UNIVERSITY RECORD

UNIVERSITY WAR SERVICE

NATIONAL RESEARCH WORK

At the request of the National Research Council, Professor J. C. Merriam was called to Washington to organize the scientific resources of various states, on a basis similar to that of the Pacific Coast Research Conference, of which he is chairman. The executive committee of this Conference holds membership in the Committee on Scientific Research, of the State Council of Defense. During the absence of Professor Merriam, Dean A. O. Leuschner served as Chairman of the Conference and of the Committee on Scientific Research of the State Council of Defense.

Dr. T. Buck, Instructor in Mathematics, has been appointed secretary of the Pacific Coast Research Conference and of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and as such becomes also secretary of the Committee on Scientific Research of the State Council of Defense. He succeeds Dr. J. R. Douglas, formerly Instructor in Political Science, who is now in Washington in the service of the government.

PACIFIC COAST RESEARCH COMMITTEE

The Pacific Coast Research Committee, the scientific branch of the California State Council of Defense, has undertaken a survey of the mussels in the waters of the Pacific. The work is under the direction of Dr. B. I. Clark, Instructor in Palaeontology, who is being assisted by two scientists of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, E. P. Rankin, head biologist of the ship "Albatross," and H. L. Kelly, assistant in charge of statistics and methods.

THE MILITARY BUREAU OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA

The Military Bureau of the University of California as originally organized was a branch of the Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau. This volunteer adjunct of the War Department had its main office at Washington, D. C., and was maintained by the leading universities of the United States in order to assist the War Department and the Navy in their search for technically trained men. The plan worked so well that through this channel thousands of men trained at American universities and colleges found their way into positions of special service. The government took more and more interest in this form of organization with the result that in March, 1918, it adopted into its own organization, the Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau. The central office, under the name of the War Service Exchange, is now maintained by the War Department, under the jurisdiction of the Adjutant-General. The Military Bureau at the University of California is a branch of this Exchange. Communications come directly to the office from the war authorities and all nominations and the like are sent by the University office directly to officers in the service. The volume of business handled by the Military Bureau has been steadily growing throughout the period of thirteen months during which its activities have been carried on. The government moreover is placing more and more confidence in the work of the University of California organization and is relying upon it more and more for responsible and effective work.

EFFECT OF THE WAR ON ENROLLMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY

The effect of the war on the enrollment statistics of the University is discussed by President Wheeler in his Annual Report. One obvious effect has been a decrease of about 10 per cent in the enrollment, this decrease being mainly in the number of men students. In only one college-Chemistry-was there an increase in the men enrolled, and that, by just one man. The enrollment of women, however, showed increased registration in all colleges, particularly in the College of Letters and Science and the College of Commerce. The percentage of undergraduate men students enrolled on November 1, 1916, was 56, while on November 1, 1917, it was less than 46.3. Since that date several hundred men have left to enter the nation's service. The graduate division also plainly shows the effects of the war demands. On November 1, 1916, the men constituted 50.5 per cent, or 456 out of a total of 902, but on November 1, 1917, they constituted only 42.8 per cent, or 302 out of a total of 705.