ception holds in proper conjunction what God has decreed should not be put asunder. God has ordained that the highest attainable condition of man should be joined in everlasting wedlock with the holiest place in the universe. Hence, while the Forerunner has gone to prepare a place for his disciples, he is also here preparing his disciples for the place. With my mental vision I try to see the primitive molecule make its first excursion. I mean a molecule in contact with the prong of the tuning-fork whose vibrational number, we will assume, to be 256 per second. According to the wave-theory I will be able to see the molecule moving outward from the center of disturbance, and describing an ellipse (so the theory teaches) whose diameter should not be less than the greatest swing of the fork's prong. But what of the nature, extent and variety of heaven's glorious and glorified contents. Suffice it to say, that everything in the Father's house, of which the happy child can form a But before the molecule completes its orbital positive concept will be substantial. The saint swing and is ready to repeat the excursion, will find his ransomed spirit clothed upon with every particle or molecule of air, in a direct a body. Both spirit and body will be of an line outward from the prong, constituting a equally enduring substance. The proper dis- complete vibration or wave, must have made tinction between material and immaterial sub- a start toward completing its own individual stances will there be continued. As matter swing or excursion. Half of the molecules in is neither essentially evil nor exclusively phe- the alleged wave, will have completed their fornomenal, and as the Father of human spirits ward movement, and will be in all phases or ordained that they should externalize them-positions of their return trips called the rareselves, it must follow in logical reasoning, as faction of the wave while the other half will well as from the teachings of revelation, that be in all phases of forward movement, making the material body and immaterial, yet equally the condensation necessary to the complete substantial, soul of the saint are to share wave. The first molecule of this condensed with each other in that common glorification half will have just completed its forward movethat awaits them in a substantial place, sur-ment, while the last one-farthest from the rounded with substantial environments of future perfection and bliss. And what of their employments? Reason assumes and revelation teaches that there will be no idleness there. Activity is the fundamental law of man's normal existence. In heaven human activity will perfect itself in praise; praise will culminate in celestial music, and music will be both vocal and instrumental. They sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb: and there will be heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps." Thus "the daughters of music," instead of being "brought low," as in the death-march of Ecclesiastes, will Soar and touch the heavenly strings, Fremont, O. MOLECULES AND ETHER. BY PROF. ALONZO HALL. fork-will have just begun to move and the two molecules mark the extremes of the condensed part of the complete sonorous-wave. Of course that part of the wave that is now rarefied, was all in a state of condensation and when so condensed, is, in what might be termed a graduated density; the densest part being at the source where the molecule has completed its half excursion, and the least dense at the particle that had just begun to move. The condensed part of a sonorous-wave, therefore, must be a shell half as thick as the whole wave-length. If the fork vibrates 256 times per second, the wave-length, as a consequence, should be four feet four inches, the condensed part of the wave, therefore, would be a shell two feet two inches thick. I can conceive a person to be so stationed that his entire body would, at one instant, be wholly within the condensed, and the next instant as wholly within the rarefied air as the wave was moving outward. Disregarding the fact that the shell, in changing from the conIf sound propagation is the result of wave- densed to the rarefied state, presents the phase motion, and wave-motion-in air-consists of of an unlimited number of infinitely thin shells condensations and rarefactions of the air as ranging from condensed to rarefied, and rethe wave passes through it, I am of opinion membering that the alternate temperature is that, in order properly to understand the phi-warmer and colder than still air, I can conceive losophy of ærial undulations, it is important first to analyze the movement of the instruments which make an air-wave possible. that a person so placed-if his physical perceptions were keen enough-would experience the most exquisite rigors as the changes from hot to cold should take place. The wave-theory teaches that, when the tuning-fork, for example, is bowed, the air is Let us examine the motion of our primitive forced into periodical condensations and rare-molecule still further. Knowing that the calfactions by its forward and backward move-culated velocity of the wave, according to the ments, and this effect is what we call sound. It also teaches-by implication at least-that the greatest amplitude of vibration or width of swing of any air particle, is in the wave nearest the prong; and the greatest excursion to and fro of any particle in the wave, can not be shorter than the swing of the fork. Whether it can be longer, remains to be seen, or rather, determined. The air-wave, then, is caused by the periodical movements to and fro of the air-particles or molecules; and if we can first analyze and understand the theoretic motions of the molecules, the true conception of a complete sonorous wave would be more likely to be gathered. accepted theory of density and elasticity of the air, is about one-sixth less than observation makes it, and remembering Laplace's ingenious explanation of this discrepancy, namely, that the compression caused by the advancing molecules evolves heat, thereby increasing the elasticity of the air sufficiently to augment the velocity from 916 feet as Newton calculated, to 1,090 feet as observed, it is in order to discover, if we can, where the extra heat comes in. No doubt it must occur in front of the molecule. But I must first see the ether particles in front of the advancing molecule of air, and which fill the interstices between them, crowded together and evolving this heat, then see the air molecule quickening its speed and charging into the hot ether-waves with a motion onesixth greater than that given it by the prong! But if the molecule goes faster than the prong it must go further than it would have gone from the impulse of the prong alone, and if the first instant of forward movement evolves heat and quickens its motion, then as the molecule must have accelerated velocity to the end of its swing, this swing should become infinite! and I doubt very much whether I am prepared to acknowledge the existence of a molecule, any more than I am prepared to believe in the existence of such a material entity as ether. THE ANNULAR THEORY. A glance at man's primitive Eden, as portrayed in Genesis and much traditional literature, shows that it was not a local garden, but world-wide in extent. That Eden in which lived naked, primeval man; in which grew all manner of trees; in which lived all kinds of beasts, which the Adam named could not possibly have been comprised within the narrow compass of Mesopotamia. To strip the account before us from all inconsistencies we must make Eden-man's primitive home-the I believe no wave-theorist denies that the change in temperature of the condensed part of the sound-wave is due to the sudden squeezing together of the ether (?) particles surrounding the molecule of air or wave-element, since the air-particles do not touch each other, and that the compression is effected in the short time of the half vibration of the prong. The alleged wave-element can, no doubt, be moved so slowly that no heat or at best an insignificant degree of heat will be generated. That is to say more heat will be evolved from the con- vapor-enshrouded earth. In order to show densation or moving forward one-twentieth of an inch in a given time than the one-millionth of an inch in the same time; and so proportionately less heat is evolved by the excursion of the molecule at the last than at the first of its vibrations. It will be remembered that the Laplace formula gives the same extra degrees of heat as evolved for all sounds and for all intensities, without any reference to the energy exerted in moving the molecule. It may interest the readers of the MICROCOSM to know just how many degrees of extra heat are evolved by a condensation, and 1 take the liberty of inserting an equation copied from Bartlett's Acoustics." It is the last equation where the determined values, i. e., the normal temperature, calculated velocity, observed velocity, etc., are inserted for the algebraic values, and is as follows: “t—32°—0.00205 [(1948)—1]—199.71° Far." "(t)" is the temperature of the condensation and 32° is the temperature of the atmosphere at freezing point. If a thermometer could record the augmentation it would show 231°, or 19° above the boiling point of water! To repeat, then, it is plain that the molecule must make a longer excursion than it would if it depended wholly on the impetus given it by the prong. It is also clear that when the molecule makes its first and longest excursion it should disturb more molecules than when it makes its last or shortest one. If the half-wave-length (two feet two inches) contains a certain number of molecules and the last-the shortest-excursion of the primitive molecule disturbs them all, surely the first -the longest-excursion, should disturb more molecules than can be contained in the two feet two inches, and consequently the longer excursion should make a longer half-wavelength than two feet two inches and sound velocity should increase proportionately with intensity and vice versa. It seems simple nonsense to teach that the vibration or swing of a molecule-no matter what the amplitude may be-can communicate its motion to exactly the same number of molecules for each swing without regard to its displacement or distance of swing. It is such analysis as the above that makes me disbelieve that sound is transmitted by the molecular vibration of the conducting medium, that the prevailing idea is incongruous with sober reason, I will devote a little space to this subject. Let us imagine the earth of to-day enshrouded in alternated vapors, so deep as to hide the body of the sun. In this case the physicists will tell us there would be perpetual summer. All the solar heat would be received by and absorbed into the vaporous canopy, so that by its universal diffusion in the mass, all parts of the earth would be warmed measurably alike. All vegetation, as in a mighty greenhouse, would cease to have the habits it now has, and in course of time the earth would become an ocean of perpetual green and bloom. Perpetual growth and life, and slight decay would characterize the earth. But man, in that green-house, would likewise eventually fall into the same line of habit. His life would be prolonged, just as that of the plant. In the same environment known that it requires the unmodified action he would grow but not mature. It is well of the solar beam to vivify and fructify all organic nature. To ripen for reproduction requires the maturing power of pure, direct sunlight. It is very plain, then, if man in Eden was protected by annular vapors he could notripen and bear fruit to the same extent he now does. Fruit-bearing, in all nature, is the march to death, and I am then forced to conclude that man, in a tholoform or canopied enclosure, marched more slowly to his end in death, and that the more perfect that protecting canopy was, the nearer did man approach immortality on earth. I say, then, that the annular philosopher must come to this conclusion independent of any legendary knowledge. Whether there be a particle of truth in the Eden narrative or not, implacable law in world-evolution demands annular conditions, and one of those conditions is an Fdenic clime; and an Edenic clime means long life under annular vapors-shut in from the chemism of the solar beam. But what must we think of that narrative when it declares most impressively that, throughout the interdiluvian perind, man lived eight or nine hundred years? What shall we think of the impression given to man that man was deathless in Eden? Say what we will these reminiscences had a foundation in fact, and when we turn to the concurrent testimony in mythology, among so many races, we certainly find no inducements to abandon our theory. Now, on the other hand again, I say that if Earth felt the inevitable change again for the last time. Man entered at once into a new environment, and in a few generations his longevity was reduced to three-score and ten years, from this cause above. the declaration in this Hebrew narrative be true; if man ever lived to be 800 years old, he lived under a canopy that protected him from the actinism and ripening power of the solar beam. That is, if man possessed that great longevity as stated, the earth was over-cano- But now let us view the scene from another pied by annular vapors! Whence this dove- side. It is as plain as the noonday sun that if tailing evidence? We have simply come to the "fountains of the great deep were broken this point in our investigation: If the Hebrew up," or, which is the same thing, if the "winnarrative be true, the earth once had an an-dows of heaven were opened" the earth's annular system, and, on the other hand: If the nular vapors had disappeared; and the sky earth had an annular appendage the He- now being clear and the sun having its full brew records of Genesis are true. But I wish it borne in mind that we have scarcely entered the threshold of these inquiries, as I now turn temporarily from the Edenic narrative to secure valuable testimony further down in time. 66 I want, now, to show that the deep" over which "darkness" brooded, and over which the spirit of the Deity hovered, was the celestial deep. I have elsewhere said that it is unphilosophic to claim that the "Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters" located on earth; for, all races looked to the sky as the Deity's home. This claim is most abundantly supported in the following: "In the sixth-hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the 17th day of the month, on the same day, all the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened, and the flood was on the earth forty days and forty nights." Now, it is plain that if that deep was on high it was broken up" or annihilated as a celestial deep by a mighty down-rush of waters, and if located on earth it was not "broken up" (for it yet remains); which conclusion will the reader take? Again, if that deep was broken up on high, that very act must have opened up to view the skies, or heavens beyond it, and a flood of light is then thrown upon the declaration that the "windows of heaven were opened" at that time-why this dovetailing of facts? I say, then, if there ever was a day in which the heavens were thus opened, it was the opening of the annular canopy, and I say, too, if there ever was a day when such a flood of waters fell upon the earth for forty days and nights, those waters came from an annular canopy, for there is no other competent source. power, many phenomena that could not obtain during the existence of that canopy would now come into view for the first time. Winds. and storms, before held in control, would now begin their eternal round. And is it not a little remarkable that at this very time, when the rains ceased, "God sent a wind over the earth" and drove back the waters. Any one can see how this first wind we hear of in this ancient record could accomplish this in the estimation of man, when he remembers that the trade winds and, perhaps, all phenomenal currents, began their round when the sun first came in as the grand monarch of the earth. And now I come to the consideration of the chief evidence of our hypothetic canopy. If the "great deep" was on high, and the "breaking up " of its fountains produced a flood, it seems like the most positive proof that that flood was of annular origin. But if such evidence as I have adduced be unsatisfactory, I will now produce a witness that is most positive and absolute in its testimony. During all the time that an annular canopy existed, such a thing as the occurrence of a rainbow was an impossibility, as any one can see. Never until the sun could shine down through the "opened" heavens could a "rainbow form on the clouds.' But now we are told that when that deep was broken up the rainbow was placed in the heavens. But if the bow appeared then for the first, it is positive proof that the sun then came into view through annular vapors. We can not, by any means, avoid this conclusion. Everything, then, from the very first intimation of "waters above" simply terminates here, at the great deluge and "fountains broken up," and heavens opened-at the sun and bow in the sky. I challenge the world to produce a man that can begin to satisfy all these conditions without annular aid. Again, the "breaking up" of a "deep" produced the "flood" of rain! That is, that deep was the source of an avalanche of waters, just such as have left their way-marks throughout all the ages of geologic change. Did such de-rative for a royal feast. scending floods come from on high or from beneath? And, finally, let me wind up this article with one more link of evidence, and we will then be prepared to go back to the Eden nar While the heavens are clear as they have been since the "great deep" disappeared, Now, let us remember that there were every one of my readers must see that there "Waters above the firmament," and that they can never be another deluge from annular remained there till the heavens "were waters. Those fountains have been destroyed, opened," or cleared, for if they had been and a flood from that source is a physical imopened before they could not have been possibility. It must also be seen that that opened at this time. Hence it is conclusive that the waters above were the same that rolled away at this time, and opened the heavens. That is, the " great deep" whose "fountains were broken up were the "waters above the firmament." There was a day, long passed and gone, when man saw the magnificent curtains of the "great deep" roll away forever. New-born skies looked down through windows that never closed again. Fountains poured out their last libation. The sun came into view. Has source is the only one that could possibly be the waters of the "great deep" on high be- the same as has always been known by creation come a flood? He has! emphatically. He and Providence, why not say so? Why use has declared and proclaimed to every tenant the misleading and infidel and atheistic word of earth that the day and ages of annular evolution? Is it so captivating? Why if of floods have ended, and every part of nature Juda do they use the language of Ashdod? knows it, and knows, too, that no other But to bring my subject to a conclusion, or to floods have ended. So long as man sees the close up the skirmish line and to bring on the rainbow, then, he knows the skies are clear of main action, how does Moses say man was annular vapors only! The bow has thus be- made? For this is the crucial question, or come Nature's emphatic SIGN that the earth should be so, with all Christian theorists. shall be forever free from a flood from an an- What was his beginning and what has been nular fund of waters, and it can be a sign or his continuance? Has it been "after his token of safety from no other. And yet this kind?" Was he made by fiat and immediate narrative tells me that God made the bow a creation, "perfect" and "very good?" So "token" of safety. Then I say that bow is an says Moses. Or was he made by evolution, absolute and infallible sign that the great deep through an anthropoid ape, and through countwas the "waters above the firmament," and less ages, from a moneron or slimy cell at the that the earth once had an ANNULAR SYSTEM, bottom of a pond or lake? Or was he made a Elsinore, Cal. mere animal, and suffered to remain so for an indefinite period? No! no! Moses tells us that "God made man in his own image and after his own likeness," viz., he was made 'holy, just and good," and as wise, great and glorious as infinite skill and infinite power could create him to be man. But if there was the first Adam, what more can be said of the second Adam? Both were "perfect" and "very good;" one by creation and the other by generation. But alas! though “God made nian upright, he hath sought out many inventions," and among them, few stranger than his attempt to belittle himself, and to account for his origin by any system of evolution. EVOLUTION. BY REV. DR. JAMES A. BUCK. Dear Dr. Hall,-After the overwhelmingly destructive criticism in your "Problem of Human Life," it seems presumptuous in any other to say anything on the subject. But as evolution has still its advocates even in some of our most prominent religious papers, I write to call attention to your masterly refutation, and also to add a few thoughts of my own. And as the skirmish line to feel the enemy goes before the great army, so I will put my own thoughts first. "After its kind." This is my plea. These words or their equivalent occur ten times in five verses of the first chapter of Genesis. What is their import? They must mean very much to occur so often in a record so condensed. We maintain that these words, while they refute evolution as taught by scientists, make the creation of all species most substantial and enduring. 66 And to make absurdity still more absurd, let those who believe in Theistic evolution tell us how long Adam was in "a deep sleep”while God took a rib from his side, and evolved Eve in all the perfection of her grace and beauty? For she must have been a creature of marvelous attractions to be worthy as a help-meet for Adam in his pristine greatness and glory. But alas! How are the mighty fallen! Yet man, though fallen, is always and everywhere still man, "the noblest work of God." He is in all time and everywhere man, "after his kind," possessing much of his original greatness, and thanks to God Most High, through the intervention of the second Adam, the Lord from heaven, he may regain all and more than he lost. There are few words in modern literature more misleading than the word evolution. There is evolution and evolution, a true and a false, and much evil results from confounding one with the other. When the word is used to show the wonderful changes from germ life to full development of all things in the air, on the earth and in the sea, it means, of course, what has always been known by the word So much for my views on evolution, upon growth. But growth is not evolution as which very much more might be said. But if taught by Darwin and Hæckel, the fathers of any of your readers want to see the subject this term in modern science. Darwin, while most thoroughly handled, I refer them to the he acknowledges the creation of one or more concluding chapters of your "Problem of species, denies the creation of all species, and Human Life Here and Hereafter." This still more God's imminence and providence in famous book, of which some 70,000 copies are their propagation and preservation. He every-in circulation, is really, I may say, three books where maintains that higher species have been evolved from lower species by natural selection and survival of the fittest? Hæckel is the author of spontaneous generation and denies both God and creation? With these writers Christian thinkers can have no sympathy, and no more to do than Samuel had with Agag, as One infinitely greater than he had to do with the Levites and Pharisees of old. If we must war a deadly warfare, we must use deadly weapons. "War to the knife" should be our motto when dealing with such flagrant enemies of truth and righteousness; for the teachings and drift of all such men is not Divine, but just the contrary. But what about Theistic evolution with which some Christian ministers are most strangely infatuated? If its advocates mean in one. But it moves like a three-fold army converging into a consolidated phalanx to storm the opposing citadel. The "Problem" is so far victorious, unanswered and unanswerable. We have said it is three books in one. The first four chapters treat of the new Philosophy known as Substantialism. The fifth and sixth meet Tyndall, Helmholtz and Mayer, and overturns the wave theory of sound. The seventh, eighth and ninth are a refutation of Hæckel, Darwin and Huxley, and in the tenth and eleventh the author shows the difficulties and absurdities of scientific evolution in any sense-Theistic or Atheistic. I have all Dr. Hall's works, and have read and studied them with much care, and can vouch for him as an original and profound thinker. Washington, D. C. PROF. VAIL'S ANNULAR THEORY. We can not help calling the attention of our readers to the remarkable series of papers now appearing in the MICROCOSM from the pen of our excellent contributor Prof. Vail. Whatever old-time geologists may have to say in reply to the professor's startling positions and arguments, one thing is certain, that no such novel, original and exciting geological discussion has ever before, at least to our knowledge, found its way into print, as that which we have the exclusive privilege of giving to the public. If any prominent geologist of the current school of science shall think himself able successfully to explain the dovetailing of scientific facts, natural analogy and biblical expressions, as set forth by Prof. Vail, on any other hypothesis than that of the annular system of our earth during pre-historic times, we shall be very glad to give him the opportunity of so doing as soon as the professor's series of papers shall be concluded. At any rate we do not hesitate to declare, so forcibly have Prof. Vail's papers impressed us, that we take no little pride in placing his annular theory on record in these pages along side of the Substantial Philosophy. "SWIFTLY ADVANCING”—“VERY MUCH FASTER." BY THE EDITOR, press the character of the motion of a tuningfork's prongs as compared to that of a clockpendulum. Prof. Tyndall, in his standard work on sound, says: "Imagine one of the prongs of the vibrating fork swiftly advancing, it compresses the air immediately in front of it, and when it retreats it leaves a partial vacuum behind, the process being repeated at every subsequent advance and retreat. The whole function of the tuning-fork is to carve the air into these condensations and rarefactions."-Lectures on Sound, p. 62. Prof. Helmholtz teaches the same doctrine in regard to the supposed swift movement of the prongs of the tuning-fork as compared to that of the pendulum. He says: "The pendulum swings from right to left with a uniform motion. Near to either end of its path it moves slowly, and in the middle fast. Among sonorous bodies which move in the same way, only very much faster, we may mention tuning-forks."-Sensations of Tone, p. 28. This idea that the prongs of a tuning-fork or the strings of musical instruments strike the air with great velocity in order to produce the "condensations" essential to sound-waves -was the universal teaching of acoustical writers up to the time of the first issue of the "Problem of Human Life," since which time, as a suggestive fact, not one writer in Europe or America has printed a word on the subject. That doctrine of the "swiftly advancing" prong or string was the soul and essence of the wave-theory of sound; for what nonsense would it have seemed to the young student of physical science to teach him that the mobile and unconfined air could be driven into condensations and rarefactions by a body having a very slow travel, however many times it might move forward and backward! Hence The fact that the entire framework of the Substantial Philosophy is based upon the assumed fallacy of the motion-theories of science, and the further fact that all these theories confessedly stand or fall on the truth or falsity of the wave-theory of sound as the these writers, in order to guard against such mother of all other motion-theories of science, | a logical conclusion on the part of students of is our excuse for so continually and persist-acoustics, have always taken particular pains ently assailing that theory in the pages of the to tell them that the travel of the prong or MICROCOSM. For plainly, if the wave-theory string is a "swift" motion and “ very much of sound can be shown to be incorrect, there faster" than that of the swinging pendulum, is not a physicist any where who would not when in fact the fork sounds audibly while its admit the motion-theories of heat, light, mag- travel by actual measurement is more than a netism, electricity, etc., to break down under million times slower than that of a clockthe same class of arguments. And if these pendulum. (See MICROCOSM, Vol. III, page motion-theories shall thus fall to the ground 154.) under the blows which we are leveling against the wave-theory of sound, then manifestly the substantial theory of all force follows as the only conceivable alternative, since any phenomena-producing cause in nature if not motion must be an objective entity. Any other conclusion is unthinkable. This original discovery, first announced in the "Problem of Human Life," was elaborated by the author in the MICROCOSM by a new method of actually measuring the velocity of the prong's travel, even after it had been audibly sounding four minutes—a thing never supposed to be possible up to the time of that Still further, therefore, to impress scientists discovery. But not being a mathematician, with the inherent fallacy of the wave-theory we reported our discovery to Capt. R. Kelso of sound, we have selected the words in our Carter, Professor of Higher Mathematics in heading as the text for a few brief remarks. the Pennsylvania Military Academy, who proThis language as is well known is the phrase-nounced it one of the most important and origology employed by writers on acoustics to ex-inal acoustical discoveries ever made. He then |