existing under the control and direction of the more highly civilized race.

Ethnologically speaking, whether we adopt the doctrine of monogeny and insist upon the original unity of the human race, or embrace the theory of separate race beginnings with progressive amalgamation, in either case we must admit that the two races, as we find them in the United States at the present time, stand at the opposite poles of human appearance and character. Accepting the broad division of the anthropologists, which, while classifying mankind on differing theories as to color, character of hair, or formation of skull, yet concur in separating the world's population into the distinctive Caucasian, Mongolian, and Negro groups, we find that whatever method of distinguishment is followed, the result is the same.

The white man and the negro are at the opposite extremities of the scale. In physical, mental, and moral traits, they are as apart from each other as the poles, and except in the fact of the possession of a common language, no two peoples could be more absolutely distinct and antagonistic than the whites and the negroes in this country. We must, therefore, consider this question with a view to the ultimate benefit of two separate and individual races, each entitled under the general scheme of creation to a fairly equal opportunity to develop its latent possibilities.

For the purpose of this work, the present inferiority of the negro race is assumed as an obvious fact, and is conThe Negro sidered a matter which, needing no argumentative an Inferior demonstration, appeals directly to the judgment Race. of a person of ordinary intelligence and observation; and the substantial accuracy of this assumption is not affected by the existence of certain exceptional individuals of African stock. As in matters of jurisprudence

there are certain things in the community so well known and established that the courts will take judicial notice of their existence, so at this time in the prosecution of our inquiry, it would be a waste of space to enter upon a discussion of the manifest inferiority of the negro race.

Were it necessary to discuss the question scientifically or historically, and to compile statistics showing his universal present inferiority in all relationships, quotations could be introduced from the works of distinguished physicians and ethnologists classifying the negro as a member of an inferior race, and scientifically attributing to him certain anatomical and physiological imperfections which will permanently prevent him from ever attaining a position as the equal of the white man. Such carefully selected discriminations upon the subject as the following from the pen of Dr. Robert Bennett Bean, a profound student of the characteristics of the negro, might be quoted:

The frontal region of the Negro skull has been repeatedly shown to be much smaller than that of the Caucasian. Considering this fact, the conclusion is reached that the Negro has a smaller proportion of the faculties pertaining to the frontal lobe than the Caucasian. The Negro, then, lacks reason, judgment, apperception, affection, self-control, will power, orientation, ethical and esthetic attributes, and the relation of the ego (of personality or self) to environment.

Dr. Bean has made a special study of the brain of the negro in its comparative relation as to form and weight with that of the white man. He draws the following conclusions from his exhaustive researches:

The conclusion is that the brain of the Negro is smaller than the brain of the white, the stature is also lower, and the body weight is less, and any crossing of the two races results in a brain weight relative to the proportion of white blood in the individual.

The skull capacity of the Negro has been repeatedly demonstrated to be less than that of the Caucasian.1

But to what end is it necessary to marshal facts, discuss theories, and draw conclusions to demonstrate what to the average observant American citizen is already a well established proposition, viz.—that the negro, as he is found to-day, in our community, is in all respects greatly inferior to the white man with whom he is brought into relationship and resulting competition? Self-evident truths require no argumentative demonstration. If there be those who, after observation and reflection, are not to be convinced of the truth of the foregoing statement as to existing negro inferiority, then this work is not entitled to their serious consideration.

Furthermore, it is not proposed to go into the reason upon which this difference of present position is based. Whether it be natural, inherent inferiority, never by any process of development to be overcome, or merely, as sometimes claimed, the fact that the negro is a backward or undeveloped race, some generations in the rear of the white race in its progress towards ideal humanity, the practical result is the same for the purpose of the offered solution of the problem. The present inferiority is the fact upon which the arguments advanced are founded, for the practical question is the one to be determined.

Perchance ten thousand years from now, long after Macaulay's New Zealander has finished his survey of the ruins of St. Paul's from the broken towers of London Bridge; when the civilization of Europe shall have disappeared as completely as that of the Aztecs; when the history of the United States shall appear as remote to the students of

Some Racial Peculiarities of the Negro Brain, by Robert Bennett Bean, University of Michigan, vol. v., No. 4. Reprinted from the American Journal of Anatomy, Sept. 11, 1906.

that time as the Egyptian chronicles of the dynasties preceding Rameses II. are to us; it may be that somewhere in equatorial Africa, or in tropical South America, a negroid empire will be flourishing in power and prosperity, enjoying the possession of a swarthy civilization of its own development, far surpassing anything theretofore achieved by the human race. But as all such conceptions are but the merest speculation, the subject of this exposition must be regarded from a practical standpoint, and not treated as the theme of remote conjecture; and all further discussion in this book is based upon the patent, obvious, irrefragable fact, that at this time and in this country and in relation to this question, the negro race is unquestionably inferior to the white.

The third characteristic of the negro which has contributed to produce the present problem is his absolute unThe Negro assimilability with the Caucasian. Men and Unassim- women of differing strains of blood,-Celtic, ilable. Latin, Magyar, or Semitic,-arriving upon our

shores, are within at the most two or three generations incorporated into the body of the people, and their descendants quickly lose all distinctive traits of their origin. Religious predilections may in form persist, but such offer but slight impediment to the full acquirement of the typical American character. Immigrants and their children intermarry freely with the descendants of the early colonists and with each other, and the unfailing result is the early fusion of the various Caucasian elements. All these elements appear to be susceptible of assimilation.

Not so the negro. After generations of close contact with the Caucasian, scarcely the slightest tendency in that direction is apparent. The physical repulsion existing between the races prevents intermarriage, and renders illicit relations infrequent and non-fruitful. Even in the event of offspring resulting from the alliance of white and black,

there is, strictly speaking, no assimilation of races, as the progeny is in all respects and for every purpose regarded as a member of the negro race.

The presence of some 1,500,000 mulattoes, constituting about one-seventh of the negro population, has caused some scientific alarmists to predict the most direful results from an asserted tendency towards amalgamation. The subject will receive further discussion in its appropriate connection. This mulatto element has for generations existed in much the same proportion as at present, and when we reflect that the result of unions between mulattoes themselves, as well as those between mulattoes and full blood negroes is the addition to the number of the former class, we can find in the statistics no perceptible approach to assimilation.

A striking instance of the strength of the instinct of racial purity may be found in the conduct of that numerous and important element in the South known as "poor whites." Although for generations brought into the most immediate contact with the surrounding black population, and exposed to every species of temptation to lower the barrier against negro equality, the members of this class have refused to intermix with the inferior race, and under present circumstances afford, perhaps, the best examples of unadulterated English blood to be found in the world.

Reasoning a priori, we find the non-assimilability of the negro to be caused by the intense racial antipathy which in all times and under all circumstances appears to have existed between races presenting such widely differing characteristics as those marking the distinction between the white people of the United States and the African negro. The former, being principally of North European origin, evince an unconquerable aversion to any admixture of their blood with a people which both reason and sentiment concur in regarding as inferior. This feeling is accentuated by