Grand Duke Grand Rapids the rapids and falls render this enterprise gion. The district has coal, gold, and dangerous. silver deposits. Pop. (1920) 8665. Grand Duke, a title of nobility, rank- Grand Jury, a body of men selected above a duke. ing below a king and according to the different laws of the several states, usually Grandee (gran-de'), in Spain a noble numbering 24, and whose duty it is to of the first rank, consisting receive secretly the evidence presented repartly of the relatives of the royal house, garding alleged crimes, and if satisfied that and partly of such members of the high a crime has probably been committed, then feudal nobility as had the right to enlist to present an indictment against the acsoldiers under their own colors. Besides cused to the proper court. As a rule, the the general prerogatives of the higher no- Grand Jury is approachable only through bility, and the priority of claim to the the prosecuting officer of the district, but highest offices of state, the grandees pos- they have a right to take up any inquiry sessed the right of covering the head in independently of such officer, and it is also the presence of the king, with his permis- within their power, if not their duty, to sion. The king called each of them my investigate in a general way the condicousin' (mi primo), while he addressed tions of public institutions, and make prethe other members of the high nobility sentments regarding the same. only as my kinsman' (mi pariente). Grand Falls, a city on Exploits River, Grand Pensionary, formerly an officer of the Dutch Republic. In the great towns the first magistrate was called a pensionary, his office being a paid one. The grand pensionary was the secretary of state of the Province of Holland. He held office for five years, and was eligible for reformation of the Kingdom of Holland in election. The office was abolished on the 1806. and on Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads, 70 miles N. of Fargo. It is the seat of the University of North Da- Grand Pre (grän pre), a village of King's Co., Nova Scotta, kota, St. Bernard's Academy and Wesley College. Its products are flour, butter, separated from Minas Basin by the Grand ice cream, It is the Pre Dyke and Long Island. etc. Pop. (1910) 12,478; (1920) 13,950. scene of Longfellow's poem Evangeline. Pop. 900. Also called Lower Horton. Grand Haven, a city, port of entry Grand Prix de Paris (grän pre de and county seat of Ottawa Co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, great event of the French racing calendar. at mouth of Grand River, 31 miles w. of It dates back to 1863. Grand Rapids, with steamship connection with Lake ports. Among its manufactures Grand Rapids, pár-e), the a city, county seat of Kent Co., Michi are leather, machinery, pneumatic tools, gan, on Grand River at the head of steam motors, pianos, refrigerators, knit goods, navigation, 30 miles from Lake Michigan gloves, novelties, printing presses, etc. It and 150 miles N. W. of Detroit. It is trais also a summer resort. Pop. (1920) versed by several railroads and has large 7205. lumber interests. There are gypsum mines Grand Island, Holly Co Nebraska, immense furniture factories, employing a city, county seat of in the neighborhood. It is noted for its on the Platte River, and several railroads, about 13,000 operatives. Other manufac85 miles w. of Lincoln. It has the oldest tures include carpet sweepers, refrigerabeet-sugar factory in the U. S., producing tors, brass and iron products, flour, gypten million pounds of refined sugar annu- sum products, and many other industries. ally. It is noted as a horse market; also It is on the following railroads: Pere has brick and marble works, etc. It is a division point on the Union Pacific, which has here large car shops employing about a thousand men. A Baptist college and an Old Soldiers' Home are located here. Pop. (1910) 10,326; (1920) 13,960. a city, county seat Marquette, Michigan Central, New York Central, Grand Rapids & Indiana, and Grand Trunk. The Michigan Soldiers' Home is here, also Union Benevolent Association Home and many other philanthropic institutions. It has a fine public museum, library, court house, etc.; and Grand Junction, of Mesa Co., Colo- is the seat of Roman Catholic and Protrado, at the junction of the Grand and estant Episcopal bishoprics. The popula Gunnison rivers, 200 miles w. s. w. of tion in 1900 was 87,565; in 1910 Denver, in a fruit and general farm re- 112,571; in 1920, 137,634. Grand Rapids Grand Rapids, the former name of Granilla Grand Sergeanty, an ancient ten ure of land similar to knight-service, but of superior dignity. Instead of serving the king generally in his wars, the holder by this tenure was bound to do him some specified honorary service, to carry his sword or banner, to be the marshal of his host, his high-steward, butler, champion, or other officer. It was practically abolished with other military tenures by Charles II. Granite Grange (granj), in the United States, seen at or near the surface of the earth, (gran-il'a), the dust or small grains of the cochi(granʼit), an unstratified rock, composed generally of the minerals quartz, felspar, and mica, mixed up without regular arrangement of the crystals. The grains vary in size from that of a pin's head to a mass of two or three feet, but they seldom exceed the size of a large gaming die. When they are of this size, or larger, the granite is said to be ' coarse-grained.' Granite is an igneous, or fire-formed, rock which has been exposed to great heat and pressure deep down in the earth. It is one of the most abundant of the igneous rocks a society of farmers organized and was formerly considered as the founfor the purpose of promoting the inter- dation rock of the globe, or that upon ests of agriculture, more especially for which all sedimentary rocks repose; but abolishing the restraints and burdens im- it is now known to belong to various posed on it by the commercial classes, ages from the Pre-Cambrian to the Terthe railroad and canal companies, etc., tiary, the Alps of Europe containing and for doing away with middlemen. granite of the later age. In Alpine situGranges originated in the order of Pa- ations it presents the appearance of havtrons of Husbandry, founded in Wash- ing broken through the more superficial ington in 1867. The central body of this strata; the beds of other rocks in the was called the National Grange, and vicinity rising towards it at increasing subordinate granges were established in angles of elevation as they approach it. the several states until they numbered It forms some of the most lofty of the more than 27,000 in all. Women were mountain chains of the eastern continent, admitted to membership on equal terms and the central parts of the principal with men, and this aided greatly in the mountain ranges of Scandinavia, the rapid growth of the order, which in 1875 Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Carpathian had a membership of 1,500,000. It was Mountains are of this rock. It is abunpolitical in its early purposes, and suc- dant in America and is largely quarried ceeded in having several laws passed in in the United States for building purthe interest of agriculture. It also sought poses, especially in New England, the to gain control of grain elevators and best known quarries being those of New railroad terminal facilities. The politi- England. It is abundant in South Carocal movement was afterwards left to the lina and Georgia, but much of this, as Farmers' Alliance (which see), leaving well as that of some parts of California, the grange to a useful growth in the social is in singular state of decomposition, and industrial field. Its membership has ia many places being easily penetrated much decreased, yet it remains a popular by a pick. Granite supplies the most institution. durable materials for building, as many ancient Egyptian monuments Grangemouth (granj'muth), a sea of the port and police testify. It varies much in hardness as burgh, Stirlingshire, Scotland, at the en- well as in color, in accordance with the trance of the Forth and Clyde Canal, nature and proportion of its constituent 3 miles E. N. E. of Falkirk. The town parts, so that there is much room for was founded in 1777 in connection with the construction of the canal; its prosperity was increased by the opening of docks in 1843, 1859, and 1882. It has shipbuilding-yards, sawmills, a rope and sail factory, and brickworks. Pop. 17,463. Granier de Cassagnac. See Cas sagnac. Granilite (gran'i-lit), an indeterminate granite; variety of granite that contains more than three constituent parts. care and taste in its selection. Granite in which felspar predominates is not well adapted for buildings, as it cracks and crumbles down in a few years. The decomposed felspar of some varieties of granite yields the kaolin used in porcelain manufacture. Granite in which mica is replaced by hornblende is called syenite, the famous Quincy granite of Massachusetts being properly a svenite. When both mica and hornblende are present it is called syenitic granite; when talc supplants mica it is called protogene, Granite Grant talcose, or chloritic granite; a mixture was commissioned brigadier-general in of quartz and hypersthene, with scattered the United States army in 1901, and flakes of mica, is called hypersthenic major-general in 1906, and has com granite; and the name of graphic granite, manded the Department of the Lakes or pegmatite, is given to a variety com- since 1908. He died April 11, 1912. posed of felspar and quartz, with a little Grant, author, born in Nova Scotia GEORGE MUNRO, a Canadian white mica, so arranged as to produce an irregular laminar structure. When a in 1835; died in 1902. He was made section of this latter mineral is made at principal of Queen's University, Kingsright angles to the alternations of the ton, in 1877, and wrote Ocean to Ocean, constituent materials, broken lines re- and edited Picturesque Canada. sembling Hebrew characters present Grant, JAMES, novelist, born at Edin themselves; hence the name. burgh in 1822. In 1846 he abounds in crystallized earthy minerals; published his first book, The Romance of and these occur for the most part in War. A large number of works followed, veins traversing the mass of the rock. most of them concerned with military Of these minerals beryl, garnet, and life or based on historical events, Adventourmaline are the most abundant. It is tures of an Aide-de-Camp (1848), Bothnot rich in metallic ores. The oriental well (1851). Jane Seton (1853). Frank basalt, found in rolled masses in the Hilton (1855), King's Own Borderers deserts of Egypt, and of which the (1865), White Cockade (1867). British Egyptians made their statues, is a true Battles on Land and Sea (1873), Old granite, its black color being caused by and New Edinburgh (1880-83), etc. He the presence of hornblende and the black died in 1887. shade of the mica. The oriental red SIR JAMES ALEXANDER, Canagranice chiefly found in Egypt, and of dian physician, born at Inver which Pompey's Pillar and Cleopatra's ness, Scotland, in 1831; died 1920. He Needles were constructed, is composed of was taken to Canada in childhood, edularge grains or imperfectly formed crys- cated at Queen's and McGill Universities. tals of flesh-colored felspar, of transparent He was president of the Canadian Medquartz, and of black hornblende. ical Association. Author of How to Live Grant, Granite City, a city in Madison a Hundred Years, Tuberculosis. 1/6 cent in value. Scottish author, born at Glasgow in 1755; died 1801. Her maiden name was McVicar. She first won recognition by her Letters from the Mountains, a series of letters describing her life in the Highlands, the character of the people, posite St. Louis. It has steel foundries, lead and enameling works, box factory, brewery, machine shops, etc. Pop. 15,000. Granja (grån'hå), LA. See Ildefonso. Grano (gra'no), a coin of Malta, about and the natural scenery. Her chief subseGran Sasso D'Italia, or MONTE quent works are Memoirs of an American CORNO, a Lady, Essays on the Superstitions of the mountain of Naples, the culminating Highlanders of Scotland.' peak of the Apennines; height, 9519 feet. Grant, in law, a gift in writing of and president of the United such a thing as cannot be States, born in 1822, at Point Pleasant, passed or conveyed by word only; thus, Clermont County, Ohio. His real name a grant is the regular method by the was Hiram Ulysses Grant, the name common law of transferring the prop- afterwards used by him having arisen erty of incorporeal hereditaments, or such out of an error in the registration of things whereof no actual delivery of his cadetship. After graduating in the possession can be had. military academy at West Point, he Grant, ULYSSES SIMPSON, general Grant, FREDERICK DENT, soldier, son served during the Mexican war, taking of Gen. U. S. Grant, was part in every battle except Buena Vista, born at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1850. He and being breveted captain for gallantry. graduated at West Point in 1871, became In 1854 he resigned his commission and colonel of the Fourth Cavalry, and re- engaged first in farming near St. Louis, signed in 1881. He was appointed min- and then in the leather trade with his ister to Austria in 1885, and was police father at Galena, Illinois. On the outcommissioner of New York, 1894-98. He break of the war in 1861 he assisted in was made brigadier-general of volunteers the organization of troops and when the on the outbreak of the Spanish war. 21st Illinois was formed he was made Served in Porto Rico, and afterward colonel. He seized Paducah, command commanded the military district of San ing the Tennessee and Ohio divisions; Juan; transferred to Luzon, 1901-02. He checked the departure of reinforcements Grant Granvella from Belmont, captured Fort Henry and journey around the world and was reFort Donelson with their garrisons. ceived everywhere with the highest honor, Grant was thereupon promoted to the as one of the greatest of modern soldiers. rank of major-general of volunteers and Later he became involved in a financial assigned to the district of West Tennes- concern which exploited his name and He manfully see. On April 6-7, 1862, he won the left him heavily in debt. battle of Sailoh, the first great engagement endeavored to repair his fortune by writof the war. He took part in the opera- ing and publishing his Memoirs, and in tions against Corinth and later assumed this he was successful, though suffering conduct of operations in that region. On greatly from the cancerous disease of October 16th, he was advanced to the which he died at Mt. McGregor, New command of the Department of the Ten- York, July 23, 1885. He was buried at nessee. In November he commenced Riverside, New York, August 8, 1885, in handsome mausoleum built by the operations against Vicksburg, Missis- a sippi. After a siege of forty-seven voluntary contributions of his admiring fellow-citizens. days (May 18 to July 4, 1863) the town surrendered with its large garrison. The Grantham (grant'am), a municipal and parliamentary important victory at Chattanooga, which followed, opened the way into Georgia for borough of England, in Lincolnshire, 222 the Federal troops. In March, 1864, he miles s. s. w. of Lincoln. It is well built, was appointed lieutenant-general, and principally of brick, and has a fine Gothic assumed command of all the armies of church of the thirteenth century, with a the United States. In a succession of tower and spire 273 feet high General Grant hotly-contested battles at the Wilderness, Pop. (1911) 20,074. Granulation (gran-u-la'shun), the subdivision of a metal into small pieces or films. It is employed in chemistry to increase the surface, so as to render the metal more susceptible to the action of reagents, and in metallurgy for the subdivision of a tough metal like copper. Small shot is made by a species of granulation. Granulation, in surgery, the for mation of little grainlike fleshy bodies on the surfaces of ulcers and formerly suppurating wounds, serving both for filling up the cavities and bringing nearer together and uniting their sides. The color of healthy granulations is a deep florid red. When livid they are unhealthy, and have only a languid circulation. Granvella, or GRANVELLE (gran'Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Cold vel), ANTOINE PERREHarbor, he steadily advanced on Peters- NOT, CARDINAL DE, minister of state to burg and Richmond, investing Petersburg Charles V and Philip II of Spain, was and carrying on a protracted siege which born in 1517 near Besançon. He studied continued for many months. The Con- at Padua and at Louvain, in his twentyfederate works were flanked at the end third year was appointed Bishop of Arras, of March, 1865, and Lee's retreating and was present at the diets at Worms army was pursued, surrounded, and forced and Ratisbon. In 1545 he was sent to to surrender, April 9, 1865. This event the Council of Trent, and on the death practically ending the war. In 1866 of his father in 1550 was appointed by Grant was raised to the supreme rank Charles V to succeed him in the office of of general, specially revived for his honor, chancellor. In 1552 he negotiated the and in 1868 was elected President of Treaty of Passau, and in 1553 arranged the United States. His administration the marriage of Don Philip with Mary allayed the soreness which still survived Queen of England. Under Philip II he from the great struggle between the remained chief minister. and in 1559 nestates, and was also noteworthy for the gotiated the Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis. reduction of the national debt and the Philip immediately after quitted the settlement of the Alabama dispute with Netherlands, leaving Margaret of Parma England. He was re-elected in 1872. as governor. and Granvella as her minAfter his retirement in 1877 he made a ister. In 1560 he became Archbishop of Granville Graphotype Mechlin, and in 1561 was made a car- Case-shot is now more used than grapedinal; but in 1564 he was obliged to yield shot. to the growing discontent aroused by his Grape-sugar. tyranny in the Netherlands, resign his post, and retire to Besançon. See Glucose. Philip sent him to Rome to conclude a fortified Granville (grån-vel), seaport of France, department of Manche, at the mouth of the Boscq, in the English Channel. Pop. 11,629. forms under which car an alliance with the pope and the Vene- bon occurs in nature, also known under tians against the Turks, and afterwards the names of Plumbago, Black Lead, and to Naples as viceroy. In 1575 he was Wad. It occurs not infrequently as a recalled to Spain, and placed at the head mineral production, and is found in great of the government with the title of Presi- purity at Borrowdale in Cumberland, and dent of the Supreme Council of Italy in large quantities in Canada, Ceylon, and Castile. In 1584 he was created and Bohemia. Graphite may be heated to Archbishop of Besançon, and died at any extent in close vessels without Madrid in 1586. He preserved all letters change; it is exceedingly unchangeable in and despatches addressed to him, nine the air; it has an iron-gray color, metalvolumes of which, published 1851-62, are lic luster, and granular texture, and is of value in illustrating the history of the soft and unctuous to the touch. It is sixteenth century. used chiefly in the manufacture of pencils, crucibles, and portable furnaces, in burnishing iron to protect it from rust, molds, for coating wax or other impres for giving a smooth surface to casting sions of objects designed to be electro typed, and for counteracting friction be tween the rubbing surfaces of wood of GEORGE LEVESON-GOWER, metal in machinery. 2D EARL, an English statesman, was born in London in 1815; educated at Eton Graphophone (graf'o-fon), an apand Christ Church, Oxford entered Par- and reproducing sound, invented by liament in 1836. In 1840 he became un- Charles Sumner Tainter and Chichester der-secretary for foreign affairs, and in A. Bell, cousin of Alexander Graham Bell 1846 succeeded to the peerage. In 1868 (q. v.), in 1885. It was the first practical he was colonial secretary under Glad- and commercially usable talking machine. stone and in 1870 he became secretary In principle it is the same as the early for foreign affairs, which he held until 1874. During this period he negotiated by Edison in 1877; but Tainter and Bell cylinder phonograph (q. v.) constructed the Treaty of 1870, guaranteeing the were the first to use the wax cylinder. independence of Belgium, and 'protested' now equipped with against the Russian repudiation of the Graphophones are Black Sea clause of the Treaty of Paris. disks, but the cylinder machines (see Dictograph) are much in use for office work. Granville (gran'vil), He died in 1891. GRANVILLE Grape (grap). See Vine. a tropical fruit of the genus citrus, the size of the fruit varying from that of a large orange to 6 or 7 inch diameter. It grows from California to the West Indies and is extensively cultivated in Florida. The name comes from the fact that the fruits, despite their large size grow in clusters like grapes. The round variety, also known as Pomelo, is widely used as a dessert fruit. Another form, the Shaddock, is of pear shape and is seldom used as food. Grape-shot, a kind of shot generally consisting of three tiers of cast- Grape-shot. iron balls arranged, three in a tier, between four parallel iron discs connected together by a central wrought-iron pin, paratus for recording Graphotype (grafo-tip), a proe with ess for obtaining blocks for surface printing, discovered in 1860 by De Witt Clinton Hitchcock, who observed that, on rubbing the enamel from a visiting-card with a brush and water, the printed letters stood out in relief, the ink having so hardened the enamel that it resisted the action of the brush. The first graphotype drawings were made on blocks of chalk siliceous ink, but the chalk-block was soon superseded by the use of French chalk ground to the finest powder, laid on a smooth plate of zinc, submitted to intense hydraulic pressure, and then sized. The drawing is made with sablehair brushes and ink composed of lampblack and glue, and when finished is gently rubbed with silk velvet or fitchhair brushes until the chalk between the ink lines is removed to the depth of 1% inch. The block is then hardened by being steeped in an alkaline silicate, and |