Borne in clusters like the grape, hence the name, the grapefruit is cultivated extensively in Florida, California and most tropical countries. Grapnel or GRAPLING, a sort of small anchor, fitted with four or five flukes or claws, and commonly used to fasten boats or other small vessels. The name was also given to the grappling-iron formerly used in naval engagements to hold one ship to another. Grapnel (grap'nel), Grass-cloth molds being taken from it, stereotype cylindrical and jointed, varying in length plates are cast for printing. from a few inches to 80 or 90 feet, as in the bamboo (in the sugar-cane and maize the stem is solid, but porous), and coated with silex; leaves, one to each node or joint, with a sheathing petiole; spikelets terminal, panicled, racemose, or spiked; flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, destitute of true calyx or corolla, surrounded by a double set of bracts, the outer constituting the glumes, the inner Cape name of the the paleo; stamens hypogynous, three or Harpagophytum procumbens, a South six; filaments long and flaccid; anthers African procumbent plant of the nat. or- versatile; ovary solitary, simple, with der Pedaliaceæ. The seeds have many two (rarely three) styles, one-celled, hooked thorns, and cling to the mouths with a single ovule; fruit known as a of grazing cattle, causing considerable caryopsis, the seed and the pericarp being pain. inseparable from each other. The more Grapple Plant (grap'l), the Graptolite (grap'tu-lit), one of a genus (Graptolithus) of fossil hydrozoa, agreeing with the living sertularians in having a horny polypary, and in having the separate zooids protected by little horny cups, all springing from a common flesh or cœnosarc, but differing in that they were not fixed Block of Stone containing Graptolites. to any solid object, but were permanently free. Graptolites usually present themselves as silvery impressions on hard black shales of the Silurian system, presenting the appearance of fossil pens, etc., whence the name. important divisions of the natural order of grasses are: (1) Panicacea, including the Paniceœ (millet, fundi, Guinea grass); the Andropogoneæ (sugar-cane, dhurra, lemon-grass); the Rottboellica (gama-grass); etc. (2) Phalaridea (maize, Job's tears, canary-grass, foxtailgrass, soft-grass, Timothy grass. (3) Poacea, including the Oryze (rice); Stipe (feather-grass, esparto); Agrostea (bent-grass); Avene (oats, vernal grass); Festuceœ (fescue, meadow-grass, Inanna-grass, teff, cock's-foot grass, tussac grass, dog's-tail grass); Bambusea (bamboo); Hordea (wheat, barley, rye, spelt, rye-grass, lyme-grass). In its popular use the term grasses is chiefly applied to the pasture grasses as distinct from the cereals, etc.; but it is also applied to some herbs, which are not in any strict sense grasses at all, e. g. ribgrass, scurvy and whitlow grass. After the culture of herbage and forage plants became an important branch of husbandry, it became customary to call the clovers, trefoils, sainfoin, and other flowering plants grown as fodder, artificial grasses, by way of distinction from the grasses proper, which were termed natural grasses. Of the pasture grasses, some thrive in meadows, others in marshes, on upland fields, or on bleak hills, and they by no means grow indisGrass (grås), a name equivalent to criminately. Indeed, the species of grass the botanical order Gramina- will often indicate the quality of the soil; ceæ, a very extensive and important order thus, Holcus, Dactylis, and Bromus are of endogenous plants, comprising about found on sterile land, Festuca and Alope250 genera and 4500 species, including curus on a better soil, Poa and Cynosurus many of the most valuable pasture-plants, are only found in the best pasture land. also those which yield corn, the sugar- See Dog's-tail Grass, Fescue, Foxtail, cane, the tall and graceful bamboo, etc. Meadow-grass, Tussac, etc. The nutritious herbage and farinaceous Grass-cloth, the name of certain Graslitz (gräs'litz), a town of Bohemia, on the Zwoda, 89 miles W. N. w. of Prague. It has important manufactures. Pop. 11,803. Grasmere (grås'mer), a beautiful lake of England, county of Westmoreland, of oval form, about 1 mile long by 12 mile broad. The village of Grasmere is at the head of the lake. seed furnished by many of them render beautiful light fabrics them of incalculable importance, while made in the East from the fiber of Bochthe stems and leaves are useful for vari- meria nivea, or China grass, Bromelia ous textile and other purposes. The roots Pigna, etc. None of the plants yielding are fibrous; the stem or culm is usually the fiber are grasses. The Queensland Grasse Gratian grass-cloth plant, of the nettle order, Droseraceæ and Hypericaceae, and found yields a fine, strong fiber. Cloth has been for the most part in boggy situations in made from bamboo, and a coarse matting the colder northern countries. The comfrom esparto, both of which are true mon grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palusgrasses. tris) is a beautiful autumnal plant with heart-shaped leaves and a single yellowish-white flower. Grasse (grås), a town of France, department of Alpes Maritimes, 23 miles E. N. E. of Draguignan. Grass-oil, OIL OF GERANIUM or OIL It has extensive manufactures of perOF SPIKENARD, a fragrant fumery. There are immense gardens of volatile oil, used chiefly in perfumery, roses and orange flowers around the and obtained from Indian grasses of the town, millions of pounds of flowers being genus Andropogon. gathered annually for use in perfume- Grass-tree, the popular name of a making. Pop. (1911) 19,704. genus of Australian Grass-finch, GRASS-QUIT, names plants (Xanthorrhea) of the nat. order given to several birds belonging to the finch family, so called from feeding chiefly on the seeds of grasses. the name of various of Grasshopper, leaping insects DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF A GRASSHOPPER. A, larva; B, pupa, with the rudimentary wings; C, adult, or imago, with the fully developed wings. they possess of leaping to a considerable distance, and by the stridulous or chirping noise the males produce by rubbing their wing-covers together. They are generally of a greenish color. Grass of Parnassus, Grass-tree (Xanthorrhea hastilis). Liliace, having shrubby stems with tufts of long, grass-like, wiry foliage, from the center of which arise the tall flower-stalks, which sometimes reach the height of 15 or 20 feet, and bear dense cylindrical spikes of blossom at their summit. The base of the leaves forms, when roasted, an agreeable article of diet, and the leaves themselves are used as fodder for all kinds of cattle. A resin, known in commerce as akaroid resin, is obtained from all the species, which are also popularly known as black-boys. Grass-wrack, or SEA-GRASS (Zo8 tera marina), a phanerogamous plant belonging to the Naiadeæ, forming green beds at the bottom of the sea where it is of no great depth. When dried it is used for stuffing mattresses, and packing goods. It has been recommended as a substitute for cotton. The ash contains soda. Gratian (gra'she-an), otherwise Roman emperor, eldest son of the EmGRATIANUS AUGUSTUS, a peror Valentinian I, was born A.D. 359, and when only eight years of age raised by his father to the rank of Augustus. On the death of Valentinian in 375 the Eastern Empire remained subject to Valens, and Gratian was obliged to share a genus of the western part with his half-brother, plants, va- Valentinian II, then four years old. In riously referred to the natural orders 378 he succeeded to the Eastern Empire. Gratian which he bestowed on Theodosius I. He was deserted by his soldiers while leading them against Maximus, and put to death at Lyons in the eighth year of his reign. Grave Mounds Egidius, built in 1456, is a majestic Gothic structure with a fine altar and paintings; near it is the mausoleum of Ferdinand II. The university, founded TIANUS, a Benedictine of library of 80,000 vols. The Joanneum, the twelfth century, a native of Chiusi, for the promotion of agriculture and sciand author of the Decretum, or Concor- entific education, has a large library and dia discordantium Canonum, a rich store- museums. The manufactures consist of house of the canon law of the middle ages. steel and iron ware, soap, confectionery, Gratian, otherwise FRANCISCUS GRA- in 1586, has over 1100 students and a Gratiola (gra-ti'u-la), a genus of beer, etc. Pop. (1911) 151,781. plants, the hedge-hyssop Grätz (gretz), HEINRICH, a Jewish gen us, nat. order Scrophulariacea, conhistorian, born at Xions, Posen, taining about twenty species of herbs, in 1817; died in 1891. In 1854 he bewidely dispersed through the extratropi- came professor in the Jewish theological cal regions of the globe. G. officinalis seminary at Breslau, and in 1870 a progrows in meadows in Europe. It is ex- fessor at the university. His Geschichte tremely bitter, and acts violently both as der Juden (11 vols. 1853-70; new ed. a purgative and emetic, and in overdoses 1865-90; trans. by Bella Löwy, 6 vols. it is a violent poison. G. Virginica is a 1891-98) is the standard work on the native of the United States and has some history of the Jews. riana, of South America. what similar properties, as also G. P'eru- Graudenz (grou'dents); a town of Germany, West Prussia, Grattan, HENRY, an Irish orator and right bank of the Vistula, 18 miles s. s. statesman, born at Dublin w. of Marienwerder. The manufactures in 1746, educated at Trinity College and include machinery, castings, cigars, toMiddle Temple; called to the Irish bar in bacco, tapestry, flour, etc., and there are 1772, and in 1775 elected member for breweries and distilleries. Pop. 40,313. Charlton in the Parliament of Ireland. Gravel (gravel), a deposit of rounded, In 1780 he moved resolutions asserting 6 water-worn stones. Gravels the crown to be the only link between are produced by the action of moving Britain and Ireland, and in 1782 led the water, usually of streams or of the sea. volunteer movement, which was instru- In course of time gravels may become mental in securing the concession of inde- consolidated by cementing agents and by pendence to Ireland. For these services pressure and then form conglomerate.' the Irish Parliament voted him £50,000 The pebbles in a gravel may consist of and a house and lands. The corruption any kind of rock, but most commonly of its members and the uncertain rela- they are of quartz. In addition to marine tions with England resulted in the failure and fiuviatile gravels, a third group is of Grattan's Parliament.' Grattan him- often recognized the glacial gravels. self became opposed to the popular feel- These are partly due to the action of runing as represented by the United Irish- ning waters, emerging from the melting men, and in 1797 temporarily seceded ice-sheets and glaciers, which wash out from Parliament, and lived in retirement. the finer materials from the glacial debris. In 1800 he came forward as member for Gravel is extensively used for making Wicklow to oppose the Union, and on concrete and mortar, and as road matethe passage of Pitt's measure was re- rial. In pathology, gravel consists of turned to the imperial Parliament in 1805 small concretions or calculi in the kidneys for Malton in Yorkshire, and in 1806 for or bladder. See Calculus. Dublin. He supported the war policy of Gravelines (grav-len), a small seathe administration, but was latterly port and second-class chiefly occupied in promoting Catholic fortress of France, department Nord. emancipation. He died in 1820, and was Pop. 6284. interred in Westminster Abbey. Gravelotte (gråv-lot), a village of or GRAZ (gräts), a town of Gratz, Germany, province of Austria, capital of Styria, pic- Elsass-Lothringen, 7 miles west of Metz, turesquely situated on the Mur, 90 miles the scene of one of the fiercest battles of southwest of Vienna. The older town, the Franco-German war, resulting in the on the left bank, is connected with the retreat of the French to Metz. extensive mounds suburbs of Lend and Gries on the right Grave Mounds, found in many parts by several bridges, besides a railway bridge. The Schlossberg rises 400 ft. of the United States, especially in the above the river, but the fortifications of Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, in which the town have given place to avenues and occur remains of the old inhabitants, pleasure grounds. The cathedral of St. with flint arrowheads and pottery. |