Gavazzi Giles, London, to L'Illustration created an immense sensation. He afterwards illustrated Eugene Sue's Wandering Jew, Balzac's novels, and other works. He died in 1866. Gay in number) are of equal length, and the feet are completely webbed. The males can be distinguished from the females by the shape of the muzzle, which is much smaller at the extremity. The only exGavazzi ( gå-våt'sē), ALESSANDRO, tant species occurs in South and Eastern a popular Italian preacher Asia, especially in the Ganges. It feeds and political agitator, born at Bologna on fishes and small prey. 1809; died at Rome 1889. At the age of Gavotte (ga-vot), an air for a fifteen he became a monk of the Barna dance with two strains, bite order, at twenty he was professor each of four or eight bars, in or of rhetoric in the College of Naples, and time, the starting notes occupying half soon after made his mark as a pulpit a bar. Like the minuet, it has been orator. In 1846 he was chaplain general introduced for free treatment into suites, of the Roman patriotic league. Subse- sonatas, etc. The name is said to be quently he threw off his papal allegiance derived from the Gavots, the inhabitants and joined the agitation which ended in of the Gap, in France. the short-lived republic. The French his death. an old English tenure, by which the land of the father was at his death equally divided among his sons, or in default of sons, among the daughters. The issue of a deceased son inherited the occupation of Rome drove him into exile, Gay (ga), JOHN, an English poet, when he traveled through Britain and and apprenticed to a silk mercer in Lonborn near Barnstaple in 1688, America lecturing against the Church of don. In 1711 he published his Rural Rome, his power as an orator evoking Sports, which he dedicated to Pope, with much enthusiasm. He was with Gari- whom he formed a close friendship. In baldi in 1860, and made subsequent visits 1712 he became secretary to Anne, to Britain gathering funds for the Free Duchess of Monmouth, and his mockItalian Church, in the interests of which heroic poem, Trivia, or the Art of Walkhe lectured, preached, and traveled on ing the Streets of London, appeared in deputation work till a short time before the same year. In 1714 his caricature of Ambrose Philips' pastoral poetry was Gavelkind (ga'vel-kind), published, under the title of the Shepherd's Week, and dedicated to Lord Bolingbroke, by whose interest he was appointed secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, in his embassy to the court of Hanover. In 1715 appeared his burhis next piece, the farce, Three Hours lesque drama of What d'ye Call It? but 1720 he published his poems by subscripAfter Marriage, altogether failed. tion, in 1723 his tragedy, The Captives, and in 1726 his well-known Fables. His Beggar's Opera, the notion of which seems to have been afforded by Swift, was first acted in 1727, at Lincoln's Inn Fields, where it ran for sixty-three nights, but the lord chamberlain refused to license for performance a second part entitled Polly. The latter part of his life was spent in the house of the Duke of Queensberry, where he wrote his sonata Acis and Galatea and the opera Achilles. He died in 1732. father's part. Collaterally, also, when one brother died without issue all the other brothers inherited from him. Gavelkind, before the Norman conquest, was the general custom of the realm; it was then superseded by the feudal law of primogeniture, and only retained in Wales and Kent. The custom continued in Wales till the time of Henry VIII; in Kent all land is still held in gavelkind unless specially disgaveled by act of Gavial (ga'vi-al; Garialis Gangeticus), the Indian crocodile, characterized by the narrow, almost cyl Parliament. Head of Gavial or Gangetic Crocodile indrical jaws which form an exceedingly In Gay, MARIE-FRANÇOISE - SOPHIE, a French authoress, born at Paris in 1776; maiden name, Nichault de Lavalette. She was first married to a financier, M. Liottier, from whom after six years she was divorced to marry M. Gay, a receiver general under the empire. Her salon was a famous resort for the men of letters and artists of the time. She died at Paris in 1852. Her chief works are Laure d'Estell (1802), Anatole (1815), Le Moqueur Amoureuse (1830), Scènes de Jeunes Ages (1833), La Gaya Gaza Duchesse de Châteauroux (1834), Les the Ecole Polytechnique, and then suc- Gaya (gi'a), the chief town of a dis 1831 he entered the chamber of deputies, and in 1839 he was made a peer of France, but he never took an active part trict of the same name in Ben- in politics. He was especially celebrated gal, on the right bank of the Phalgu, a for his researches into the chemical and tributary of the Ganges, 260 miles N. W. physical properties of gases and vapors. of Calcutta. It consists of an old and For many years he edited, in conjunction a new town. The former occupies a with Arago, the Annales de Chimie et de rocky height, is inhabited chiefly by Physique; and many of his numerous Brahmans, and being regarded as a place memoirs were published in this or in the of great sanctity, is annually visited by Comptes Rendus. He also published, vast crowds of pilgrims. The latter, along with Thénard, Recherches Physicocalled Sahibganj, is the trading quarter, chimiques, in which some of their most and the seat of administration where the important discoveries are described. Other European residents dwell. The place works are his Cours de Physique and abounds with objects of Hindu worship, Leçons de Chimie. and almost every height in the vicinity Gaynor is the subject of a legend. Pop. 71,288. The district has an area of 4712 square New York, in 1851. He went to Brookmiles. lyn in 1873 and worked on Brooklyn and (ga'nor), WILLIAM J., jurist, born at Whitestown, Gayal, GYAL (gi'al), a species of New York newspapers while studying OX (Bos frontalis) found law. Was admitted to the bar in 1875, wild in the mountains of Northern Bur- and took part in many important cases, mah and Assam, and long domesticated becoming known nationally for his work in these countries and in the eastern in breaking up rings in the Democratic parts of Bengal. The head is very broad party and in securing the conviction of and flat in the upper part, and con- John Y. Kane for election frauds. He tracts suddenly towards the nose; the was elected judge of the Supreme Court horns are short and slightly curved. The of New York in 1893 and again in 1907, animal has no proper hump, but on the for twelve years, declined a nomination shoulders and forepart of the back there for mayor of Brooklyn in 1897, also for is a sharp ridge. The color is chiefly a governor of New York and for judge of dark brown. Its milk is exceedingly rich, the Court of Appeals, and in 1909 was though not abundant. elected Democratic mayor of New York. As such he gave eminent satisfaction by THUR, historian, born in his earnest efforts to improve conditions Louisiana in 1805; died in 1895. He was in that city. In the nominating convensecretary of state of Louisiana 1846-53, tion for governor in 1910 he declined to and presiding judge of the city of New let his name be used. He was shot by a Orleans. He wrote History of Louisiana disappointed office-seeker in the summer and Louisiana: Its History as a French Colony. Gayarre (gi-å-rå'), CHARLES AR of 1910, receiving a serious but not a fatal wound. He died September 11, 1913. Gay-Lussac (ga-lus-ák), Louis Jo- Gaza (gāʼza), an ancient town of Syria, originally a city of the Philistines, near the Mediterranean, 50 miles s. s. w. of Jerusalem. The modern town, Ghuzzeh, is a principal entrepôt for the caravans passing between Egypt and Syria. The population has increased apidly of recent years and is now estimated at 16,000. and physicist, born at St. Léonard (Haute-Vienne) in 1778; died at Paris in 1850. He was educated in the Ecole Polytechnique from 1797 to 1800, and afterwards in the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, but preferring chemistry, he entered Berthollet's Ecole Laboratory. In 1802 he returned to the Polytechnique Gaza (gå'zȧ), THEODORE, a Renais as demonstrator of chemistry, and in sance scholar, born at Thessa1804 performed his two balloon ascents lonica about 1405; died in Calabria in for scientific purposes, the first with 1478. He came to Italy about 1430; Biot, the second by himself, an account became teacher of Greek at Ferrara ; of which appeared in the Journal de was patronized by Pope Nicholas V, CarPhysique. In 1806 he was elected to dinal Bessarion, and King Alfonso of the Academy of Sciences. In 1808 he Naples. Gaza labored for the diffusion was appointed professor of physics at the of Greek literature, not only by teaching, Sorbonne, a post he held for twenty-four but also by his writings, and especially years, in 1809 professor of chemistry in by Latin translations of the Greek clas Gazelle sics. His chief work is a translation of the writings of Aristotle on natural history. Gazelle (ga-zel'; Gazella dorcas), the type of a sub-family of antelopes (Gazelina), which includes some 23 species of small, mostly desertloving form s. Its color is a light fawn upon the back, deepening into darkbrown in a wide band which edges the flanks Geber an alkali and an acid, as carbonate of soda and tartaric acid, which yield carbonic acid when mixed with water. It generally consists of two globes, one above the other, connected by a tube, the lower for containing water, and the upper the ingredients for producing the gas. The vessel is made air-tight by means of a screw-top, and when water is gently introduced into the upper globe from the lower, by inclining the vessel so as to fill about a half of the former, chemical action takes place, and the carbonic acid evolved gradually saturates the water in the lower globe. When this has taken and forms a place, the aerated water can be drawn off line of demarca- by opening a stopcock at the top attached tion between to a second tube which reaches almost to the color of the the bottom of the lower globe. upper portions Gazelles (Gazella dorcas) Gazette (ga-zet'; from gazzetta, a Gean (gen), a kind of wild cherrytree (Prunus Avium), common in Britain. The fruit is smaller than that of the common cherry; of a red color when unripe, and a deep purple or black when it arrives at maturity. The flavor is superior to that of most cherries. The wood is used for furniture and other purposes. Gearing (gering), in machinery, the parts collectively by which motion communicated to one portion of a machine is transmitted to another, generally a train of toothed wheels. There are two chief sorts of wheel gearing, viz. spur-gearing and beveled gearing. In the former the teeth are arranged round either the concave or convex surface of a cylindrical wheel in the direction of radii from the center of the wheel, and are of equal depth throughout. In beveled gearing the teeth are placed upon a beveled surface round a wheel which if the slope of the bevel were continued would form a cone. Geary (ge're), JOHN WHITE, born in Westmoreland County, ical dictionary; a book Pennsylvania, in 1819; died in 1873. He containing descriptions of natural and became an engineer officer in the Mexican political divisions, countries, cities, war, and then the first United States towns, rivers, mountains, etc., alphabeti- postmaster of San Francisco. Returning cally arranged. Among the more impor- to the East in 1856, he became governor tant general works of this kind are of Kansas Territory and restored order McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, there, but resigned in 1857. During the Johnstone's Dictionary of Geography, Civil war he served with distinction and Blackie's Imperial Gazetteer, Lippincott's became a brigadier general, and at the Pronouncing Gazetteer (based upon close major general. In 1866 he was Blackie's), Saint Martin's Nouveau Dic- elected governor of Pennsylvania and retionnaire de Géographie Universelle, and elected in 1869. Ritter's Geographisch-Statistisches Lexi- Gebang Palm (g-bang"), the Co kon. There are also various gazetteers confined to particular countries. rypha gebanga, a fan leaved palm of S. E. Asia. Arabian chemist or alchemist, often desigfacturing aerated water on a small scale nated the father of chemistry, who flourfor domestic use, by the combination of ished during the eighth century. He was Gazogene (gaz'u-jen), an appa- Geber (geber), an ratus used for manu Gecko Gefle Geddes, JENNY, the name tradition gives to a street fruit-seller who, during the tumult in St. Giles' Church, Edinburgh, in July, 1637, when the dean attempted to introduce the Episcopalian service-book, threw her stool at his head exclaiming, Villain! dost thou say mass at my lug?' This tumult led to events which annulled Episcopacy and restored Presbyterianism. The honor of the exploit has been claimed for a Barbara Hamilton, wife of John Mein, merchant in Edinburgh, but Jenny Geddes, the street fruit-seller's claim, has always been the popular one, and recently a memorial brass was placed in St. Giles to her memory. acquainted with nearly all the chemical brother of former, British railroad expert, (ged), WILLIAM, the inventor of Geel (gal). See Gheel. Geddes (ged'es), ALEXANDER, a Roman Catholic divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was born in Banff, Scotland, in 1737; died in London 1802. seaport town, colony of Victoria, near the head of the west arm of Port Philip Bay, 45 miles southwest of Melbourne. The town is well laid out, and there is an extensive botanical garden and several public parks. There are three jetties in the bay, alongside of which ships of the largest tonnage can load and discharge. There are wool mills, tanneries, ropeworks, etc., and a considerable trade is done in wool. Pop., inclusive of suburbs, 23,311. Geestemünde (gas'te-mùn-dė), a seaport town of Geddes, SIR AUCKLAND CAMPBELL, a North Prussia, in Hanover, at the mouth The British anatomist, soldier, ad- of the Weser, separated from Bremerministrator, cabinet minister, educator haven by the Geeste. Extensive docks and diplomat, born in 1879, son of Auck- were constructed here in 1857-63. land Campbell Geddes of Edinburgh. He port is strongy fortified, and the trade served in the South African war and the is increasing rapidly. The industries inEuropean war; was director of recruit- clude shipbuilding, iron-founding, engiing, minister of national service, president neering, etc. Pop. 23,625. Geestendorf, of the local government board, and in formerly a separate town, has been united 1919 minister of reconstruction. He was with it since 1889. Geez professor of anatomy in Edinburgh, Dub- versity, but rescinded his acceptance on (gez), the name of an Ethio- near the mouth of a river of name in the Gulf of Bothnia, 50 N. of Upsala. It stands on both Gegenbaur by it, and has an excellent harbor. It anato Gelatine sides of the river and two islands formed Geisha (ga'sha), in Japan a singing and dancing girl. Geisha girls has manufactures of linen, leather, to- begin their training as professional enterbacco, sail-cloth, etc.; shipbuilding yards; tainers at a very early age and are a and an extensive trade in deals, tar, feature of Japanese social life. pitch, iron, etc. Pop. 29,522. Geissler's Tubes (gis'lér), from the Gegenbaur (ga 'gen-bour), name of Heinrich mist, born at Würz- Geissler, a philosophical instrumentburg, Germany, in 1826. He studied maker of Bonn, who produced tubes made biology, became professor of anatomy at of very hard glass, and containing highly Jena in 1858 and at Heidelberg in 1873. rarefied gases. Each end of the tube has He wrote several able works, chief among which is his Outline of Comparative a platinum wire sealed into it to serve Anatomy. as an electrode. When a discharge of term used electricity from an induction coil is caused in the New Testament as to take place in these tubes, very brilequivalent to a place of fire or torment, liant effects may be produced. and rendered in the authorized (and the Gela (jela), one of the most imporrevised) version by hell and hell-fire. It tant ancient Greek cities of is a form of the Hebrew Ge-hinnom, the Sicily, situated on the south coast of the valley of Hinnom, in which was Tophet, island between Agrigentum and Camawhere the Israelites sometimes sacrificed their children to Moloch (II Kings, xxiii, 10). On this account the place was afterwards regarded as a place of abomination, and became the receptacle for the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. Gehenna (ge-hen'a), a poet, born at Lübeck in 1815; rina; founded in 690 B.C. by a colony of Cretans and Rhodians. The colony was remarkably prosperous, and in 582 B.C. sent out a portion of its inhabitants, who founded Agrigentum. In 280 Phintias, the tyrant of Agrigentum, utterly destroyed Gela. Its site has been the subject of much controversy. Geibel (gil), EMANUEL, a German Gelada (gel'a-da), a singular Abyssinian baboon, remarkable died 1884. He studied at the universities for the heavy mane which hangs over the of Bonn and Berlin, and resided a year shoulders, and which only grows when or two in Greece. He published in 1840 the animal is adult. It is called Gelada his first collection of poems, which Ruppellii, in honor of Dr. Ruppell, its reached its hundredth edition in 1884. discoverer. bishop alone was entitled to regulate In 1843 he published a tragedy, King Gelasius (je-la'si-us), the name of Roderick; in 1846 the epic König two popes-GELASIUS I Sigurd's Brautfahrt. A second collection and II. The former, who held the see of his poems appeared in 1848-Junius- from 492-496, founding on the alleged lieder (June Songs'). Other collections primacy of Peter, was one of the first were issued later. He was honorary who openly maintained that the Roman professor of aesthetics and poetry in the University of Munich 1851-69, but spent his later days in his native town. He wrote also Brunhild, a tragedy; The Loreley, an opera in rhyme; and several other plays, but his fame rests on his lyrics, which are immensely popular. Geikie (ge'ki), SIR ARCHIBALD, geologist, born at Edinburgh in 1835. He was appointed to the geological survey in 1855; became director of the Scottish survey in 1867; was profes(jel'a-tin), a concrete anisor of geology and mineralogy in Edinmal substance, transburgh University 1870-81, and in 1881 parent, and soluble slowly in cold water, became director general to the United but rapidly in warm water. It is conKingdom survey, and head of the Mu- fined to the solid parts of the body, such seum of Practical Geology, London. He as tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and is the author of numerous manuals, etc., bones, and exists nearly pure in the skin, on geology. but it is not contained in any healthy animal fluid. Its leading character is the formation of a tremulous jelly when it solution in boiling water cools. Gelatine does not exist as such in the animal tis Geikie, JAMES (1839-1915), geologist, brother of Archibald Geikie, born at Edinburgh. Author of The Great Ice Age, Outlines of Geology, etc. |