Guard-ship Guava Guard-ship, a vessel of war ap- the state is formed, the climate is mild; pointed to superintend but in more elevated situations the cold is intense. There is much valuable timber. The soil generally is of great fertility, producing according to altitude, soil, etc., maize, wheat, rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugar, cochineal, cacao, indigo, vegetables, and tropical fruits in great variety. Fibre plants are numerous, including ramie, henequen, and others. The most important product is coffee, and the other chief exports are skins, caoutchouc, cochineal, wool, etc. The trade is chiefly carried on with Britain and the United States. In the altos or mountainous parts of the northwest considerable flocks of sheep are raised, the wool of which is manufactured into coarse fabrics. But the manufacturing industries are very insignificant, and trade is hindered by the paucity of roads and railways. Only about a third of the population are of European or mixed de scent, the rest being Indians of the Aztec, Toltec or Maya races, mostly speaking their own native tongue. Numbers of the Indians are still quite uncivilized. Great attention is now being paid to education, the children, even Indians, in small and remote villages being compelled to attend school. The capital is Guatemala la Nueva (New Guatemala). the marine affairs in a harbor, and to Guarneri (gwår-na'rē), the name of name area population, 2,119,000. The The chief port is San José on the Pacific Champerico on the Pacific, and Livingston in the Bay of Honduras are the other ports. The legislative power is vested in a national assembly elected for six years by universal suffrage. executive is vested in a president, elected for four years. GUATEMALA CITY, the capital of the republic, is situated about 5000 feet above the sea and had a population of 120,000 in 1916. It was almost Guatemala(gwå-te-mä'lå), a repub- completely destroyed by a series of earthlic of Central America; quakes that occurred in December, 1917, estimated at 48,290 square miles; and January, 1918. The first capital of It is in general the country-now known as Ciudad Viega exceedingly picturesque, and distinguished -was overwhelmed by a volcanic eruption by a luxuriant and varied vegetation. It in 1556. The second capital, Guatemala is wholly mountainous or elevated, the la Antigua, was situated about 25 miles main chain of the continuation of the west of the present capital, It was deAndes traversing it southeast to north- stroyed by an earthquake shock in 1774, west, and sending off numerous branches. but was rebuilt and now has a population Along the main chain are a considerable of about 7000. It is locally celebrated for number of volcanoes, several of which its thermal springs. are said to be active-as Fuego and Agua Guava (gwa'va). the popular name (14,890 feet high), which sends forth for plants of the tropical torrents of water. The state is well genus Psidium of the nat. order Myrwatered by numerous streams, none of tace. P. Guaiava (the guava tree) is a much importance. There are several small tree, with square branches, egglakes, the most important being Dulce, shaped leaves, and large white axillary through which a great part of the foreign flowers, which are succeeded by fleshy bertrade of the state is carried on; Amatit- ries, which are either apple or pear lan, Atitlan, and Peten. On the table- shaped in the two principal varieties. land, of which a considerable portion of The pulp is of an agreeable flavor, and Guaviare of this fruit is made a delicious and Guelf The poem also deals with the fortunes of Guayaquil (gwi-à-kel'), a city and Guebres, given to the fire-worship seaport of Ecuador, on the Guayaquil, here about 2 miles wide, some 40 miles above its mouth in the Gulf of Guayaquil. Behind the town is an extensive marsh, which renders it unhealthy. There is also a deficiency of water, but the town is improving, and has already street cars and telephones. It is the chief port of Ecuador, and one of the best on the west coast of South America. Its principal exports are cacao (to the value sometimes of $5,000,000), coffee and ivory-nuts. Pop. estimated at 80,000. Guayra (gwi'rå), LA, a seaport in Venezuela, closely surrounded by mountains and precipices. It carries on a considerable trade, and exports coffee, cacao, etc. Pop. about 12,000. Gubbio (gub'i-ō; ancient Iguvium), a town in Italy, in the province of Umbria. It is a bishop's see, and has manufactures of silk and woolen stuffs. Here were discovered the Eugubine Tables (which see) in 1444. Pop. 5540. Guben (gö'ben), a town in Prussia, province of Brandenburg, Brewing, dyeing, and tanning are carried on, and there are manufactures of woolen and linen cloth, tobacco, etc. Pop. 36.666. pers of Persia, represented in India by the Parsees. The original Guebres or followers of Zoroaster are now represented almost solely by those who inhabit the cities of Yezd and Kirman and the adjoining villages. At present they number only about 7000. As supreme deity they recognize Ahuramazda, or Ormuzd, the principle of light and source of all that is good; and his opposite and antagonist, the evil principle, the latter called Ahriman. They believe in the existence of heaven and hell, between which stretches the Bridge of the Gatherer or Judge; over this none but the righteous may pass. Among their leading practices may be mentioned their refusal to contract marriages with those of other creeds; their objection to eat beef or pork, or to partake of anything cooked by one of another religion, etc. They regard Ahuramazda as the source of light, and in their temples they feed the altars with perpetual fire, and hence their name fireworshippers; but they do not revere it except as a symbol of the deity. When, in 651 A. D., Yezdegird, the last of the Sassanides, was defeated by the Caliph Omar, the majority of the Persians embraced Islamism. Those who continued Zoroastrians received the name of Gue (gel'dėr-lant). See Gelderland. Gudgeon (guj'un: Gobio), a fresh- bres or infidels, and were subjected to perwater fish, belonging to the secutions so severe that the majority emicarp family (Cyprinidae). It has short grated to India, where they became known dorsal and anal fins, without spines; on as Parsees. See Parsees. each side of the mouth there is a small Guelderland barbel; neither jaw is furnished with teeth, but, at the entrance of the throat, there are two triangular bones that perform the office of grinders. These fish are taken in gentle streams, and measure only about 6 inches. Guelder Rose (gel'der), or GUEL DRES ROSE, a name given to the cultivated variety of the Viburnum Opulus, or water elder, of the order Caprifoliaceæ. On account of the Gudrun (gud'run), a celebrated shape and color of its flowers it is someGerman popular epic be- times called the Snowball Tree. Its fruit longing to the end of the twelfth century, is of a pretty red color. receiving its name from its heroine Guelf (gwelf), or GUELPH, the name Gudrun, daughter of King Hettel of of a distinguished princely Hegelingen. Hettel is defeated by Hartmut, son of King Louis of Normandy, who carries Gudrun off, and on her steadfast refusal to marry him, has her subjected to various kinds of ill treatment, and in particular lets his mother keep her for years engaged in the lowest kinds of drudgery. At last she is released and revenged by her brother and her betrothed, King Herwig of Seeland. family which originated in Germany, but was also at one time connected with Italy, and which still flourishes in the two lines of the house of Brunswick, the royal (to which the reigning family in Britain belongs) and the ducal. The first who bore the name is said to have been Welf, the son of Isenbrand, whose grandfather was a vassal of Charlemagne. See Brunswick (Family of) and Guelfs and Ghibellines. Guelfs and Ghibellines Guerrillas 1860 as Reliquiae, with a critique by Guelfs and Ghibellines, namo Saint Beuve. His sister, EUGENIE (1805great Italian political parties in the 48) is noted for her Journals and Letters. 13th and 14th centuries. The names are derived from the Italian Guelfi andes are Guérin, JULES, an American painte and illustrator, born at St. bellini, which are corrupted from the Ger- Louis, Mo., in 1866. He was director of man Welfen and Waiblingen. These lat- color and decoration for the Panamater words came to be used as party desig- Pacific Exposition, and did the decorative nations in Germany, in the war between work on the Lincoln Memorial at WashHenry the Proud and Conrad of Hohen- ington. staufen, to whom belonged the estate of Guérin, Waiblingen in Würtemberg. About the healthy. second PIERRE NARCISSE, BARON, a French historical painter year 1200 the designations Guelf and Ghi- (1774-1833), born in Paris. His works belline came to be employed to denote include Return of Marcus Sextus,' 'Clyrespectively the Italian patriotic and pa- temnestra,' 'Bonaparte and the Rebels of pal party, and the party which supported Cairo,' etc. the (gérnʼzi), the domination of the German emperors Guernsey largest and most western in Italy. After the fall of the Hohenstaufen the Ghibellines became the parti- of the Channel Islands, lying off the north sans of aristocracy, and the Guelfs the coast of France, 46 miles from Cherbourg, partisans of democracy and liberty; but and about 68 miles from Start Point in the designations ultimately denoted mere Devonshire. It is of a triangular form, communal and family fueds, and Dante, about 9 miles long, and 3 to 4 miles broad. originally a Guelf, but subsequently a The northern part is level, the southern Ghibelline, asserted that the two parties more elevated, coast lofty and abrupt, the were the cause of all the miseries of island being almost entirely of granite The climate is extremely Italy. The contest continued with bitter- formation. for almost three hundred years. The principal exports are catCorresponding parties appeared in Italy tle (the dairy cows being renowned). the fruits, vegetables in the early spring; The dialect of bianchi and neri (white and black) in granite for paving, etc. Florence, etc. the island is the pure Norman of some centuries ago; but a knowledge of English is general. The principal place of education is Elizabeth College, at St. Peter's Port, the capital, and only town in the island. Steamers ply regularly beton, Plymouth, and Weymouth. The istween Guernsey and London, Southampland is under a lieutenant-governor, who represents the sovereign in the assembly of the states, a kind of local parliament. It is strongly fortified, and has a wellorganized militia. Pop. with Alderney (1921) 40,000. See Channel Islands. ness under many different names, as Guelph Abyssinia. bieri. Guereza Guérin (ga-rán), GEORGES MAURICE DE, a French poet (1810-39), born at Languedoc. Entering the Church, he became a member of a religious community. His verses were collected in Nerine Sarniensis, Guernsey Lily, a beautiful plant, with purple red flowers, native of South Africa, family Amaryllidaces, so called from some of its bulbs being cast up in Guernsey from a wrecked ship and there taking root. There are several other species also called Guernsey lilies. Guerrero (ger-ra'ro), a state of Mexico; area, 25.279 sq. miles. Its surface is finely diversified by mountain and valley, and partly covered by native forests; and it is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, and iron. The principal' port is Acapulco. Pop. about 620,000. Guerrillas (ge-ril'az; in Spanish geril'yȧs), a name first given in Spain to light, irregular troops, consisting chiefly of peasants who fought against the invading French in the early Guesclin part of the present century. The name has now become quite a general term for such irregular troops, and has traveled far beyond Spain, reaching pretty much the entire world. Guesclin, BERTRAND See Du Guesclin. DU. Guiana by Venezuela and Brazil, N. and N. E. by the Atlantic, and s. by Brazil; estimated area 89,480 sq. miles. It is divided into three settlements-Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo. The coast tract forms a dreary belt, 10 to 40 miles broad, of mud-banks and shallows, and when drained the surGuest (gest), EDGAR ALBERT (1881-), face sinks 1 foot below the sea-level, hence an American poet and humorist, strict attention must be paid to dams and born in Birmingham, England. He re- sluices. This alluvial deposit is succeeded moved to the United States in 1891 and by a range of low hills not exceeding 200 was educated at the grammar and high feet in height. The interior is traversed schools of Detroit. Joining the staff of in various directions by chains of hills or the Detroit Free Press, he developed a mountains. On the western boundary is style of humorous writing and easy verse the singular flat-topped and almost inacthat gained him popularity. He conducted cessible mountain Boraima, rising to a a column for the Free Press and wrote height of 8600 feet. The remaining mounmuch verse, which was published in nu- tains do not reach more than 4000 feet merous newspapers and later appeared in elevation. The most valuable mineral book form under the titles Just Folks, A product is gold, the mining of which has Heap o' Livin', Over Here, Path to Home. been active since 1886. Diamonds are Gueux (geu; Fr. beggars'), a name also found. The chief rivers are the given in derision to the allied Essequibo, Demerara, Berbice, and Corennobles and other malcontents in the Neth- tyn. The climate, though moist and warm, erlands, who resisted the despotism of is not on the whole unhealthy. CultivaPhilip II, in 1566-67. The Count of Bar- tion is confined to the coast region; the laimont having termed the malcontents soil is very fertile, and much of it well Gueux, they adopted the name, and a suitable badge called the beggar's denier.' They were totally dispersed in 1567. Guevara y Dueñas adapted for the sugar-cane, the cultivation of which is mostly carried on by Indian and Chinese coolies. Guiana also produces (ga-vä'ra coffee, tobacco, indigo, etc. Vegetation is du- en'y as ), LUIS VELEZ DE, a Spanish dramatic poet, born in 1570; died in 1644. His literary fame rests chiefly on his Diablo Cojuelo ('Lame Devil'), which suggested the famous Diable Boiteux of Le Sage. singularly luxuriant, and the forest-trees are of the most magnificent description. Fruits, medicinal plants, fibrous vegetables, dyeing woods, etc., abound. The flora includes the Victoria Regia, the largest of the water-lilies. Among the Guggenheim (gug'en-him), the name animals are the jaguar, tapir, armadillo, of a family of Ameri- sloth, vampire bat, alligator, etc., and can capitalists, notable in connection with many species of birds, such as hummingthe copper mining industry. Among the birds, parrots, etc. Snakes, some of them sons of Meyer and Barbara (Myers) G. venomous, and troublesome insects are Guggenheim have been Benjamin (1855- numerous. Guiana has two dry and two 1912), who had charge of the first smelter wet seasons, each continuing for three built by his family at Pueblo, Colorado, months: December, January, February, and who was drowned on the Titanic; June, July, and August, constitute the Simon (1867- ), who was elected United wet season, the other months of the year States senator from Colorado in 1907; the dry. The mean annual temperature Daniel, Isaac, Murry (Morris), Solomon is nearly 81° 2′. Violent thunderstorms R., and William. occur at the change of the seasons; but Guglielmi (gul-vel'me), PIETRO, an the hurricanes, so destructive in the West Italian composer, born Indies, are unknown. The trade is con1727; died 1804. He composed comic centrated mainly in Georgetown, the capand heroic operas for the Italian theatre, ital. Sugar, rum, and molasses are the visited Vienna, Madrid, and London, and principal exports. Guiana was first setafterwards returned to Naples, where he tled by the Dutch about 1580. It was became the rival of Paesiello. In 1793 taken by the British in 1783, in 1796, and Pius VI named him chapel-master of St. again in 1803, and later it was definitely Peter's. He left more than 200 pieces, given up to them. Pop. 305,991. remarkable for their simple and beautiful Guiana, DUTCH, or SURINAM, a Dutch airs, their rich harmony, and originality. colony in South America, Guiana (gî-an'a), BRITISH, a colony situated between English and French in the north of South Amer- Guiana; area, about 46.060 square ica, about 560 miles long and 200 miles miles. The general aspect is the same broad, bounded E. by Dutch Guiana, w. with that of British Guiana-flat and |