Hair

females longer (even in a state of nature), thicker, and not so liable to be shed. Connected with the hairs are small glands which secrete an oily substance, serving as a lubricant to the skin as well as the hair. These are called sebaceous glands. If the root is destroyed there is no means of reproducing the hair; but if

it falls out without the root being de

Hair-tail

Most

wigs, curls, beards, chignons, etc.
of the supply comes from France, Ger-
many, and Italy, where the peasant girls
sell their hair to itinerant dealers. In
every case, and for any purpose, hair is
always best taken from the healthy living
subject, hair of diseased and dead people
being much inferior.

Hair-dyes, subs
substances for giving

stroyed, as is often the case after nervous hair some particular fevers, the hair grows out again of itself. color desired. The numerous preparaEach hair, indeed, lasts only a certain tions sold for this purpose have generally time, after which it falls out and is re- a basis of lead or nitrate of silver. Bisplaced by another as long as the papilla muth, pyrogallic acid, sulphur, the juice is not weakened. Grayness of hair is of green walnut shells and other astrincaused by a deficient amount of pigment gent vegetable juices, are also employed.

granules in the hair cells. The deficiency Hair-eel, the living form into which

arises at the hair bulb where the cells

horse-hairs, when left to soak

are produced. Any influences that affect in running water, are supposed by many the nutrition of the bulb may thus affect to develop. The horse-hair worm or the color as well as the growth of the hair-eel is really a Nematode. See Nemahair. Baldness is caused by atrophy of telmia. the papilla, generally due to lessened cir

a genus of grasses belonging to that some diseases which have a close connec- division of the order in which the spiketion with the hair, see Plica Polonica, lets have two or more florets, and the Ringworm, Sycosis. Under ordinary cir- inflorescence is a loose panicle. It is of cumstances hair is a very stable sub- little use for cattle, which dislike it, but stance. It is the last thing which decays, may serve where covert is wanted for and it often grows after death and lasts game. A. cæspetōsa, or tufted hair-grass, for centuries. Hair is not acted on by the windlestrae of the Scotch, is used as water, but heated in it under pressure it thatch for ricks, and in some places for decomposes, evolves sulphuretted hydro- making mats. gen, and dissolves; it is also dissolved by Hair-powder,

culation of the blood in the scalp. For
For Hair-grass (Aira),

a preparation of alkalies and acids. When burned it emits pulverized starch a disagreeable odor as of burning horn. and some perfume, formerly much used Hair for manufacture is furnished to whiten the head. Sometimes the powchiefly from the horse, the ox, the hog, the der was colored. The custom of wearing goat, especially the Angora or Mohair it was introduced from France into Enggoat, the camel, and the alpaca. That of land in the reign of Charles II. To make the first three is most used for uphol- the powder hold, the hair was usually stery purposes, the short hair being man- greased with pomade. It is now scarcely ufactured into curled hair for stuffing, to be seen except on the heads of footmen and the long straight hair manufactured in attendance on the people of rank or into hair-cloth for seating. The long wealth.

hair is also reserved for the manufacture Hair-spring,

in watches, the fine hair-like spring made

of fishing-lines, brushes, etc. White hair is of the most value, being most adapted of steel, which is attached to the axle of for dyeing and for the manufacture of the balance wheel, and serves by its refancy articles. The horse-hair used for sisting power to equalize the vibrations weaving comes chiefly from Russia, Ger- of the escapement-wheel. many, Belgium, South America, and Aus- Hair-tail (Trichiurus), a genus of tralia. Russia chiefly furnishes the brisacanthopterous fishes, of tles, so largely used for brushes. The the tropical marine fauna, generally sable, the minniver, the marten, the bad- found near land. The body is long, scaleger supply the finer brushes or hair-pen- less, ribbon-shape, and ends in a long, cils of painters. The hair of the goat, whip-like tail. The dorsal fin extends the camel, and the alpaca is chiefly used along the whole back and is spiny in combination with or subordinated to throughout. There are six species known. wool and other fibers for spinning and some of them being four feet long. The weaving into dress fabrics. The kind of Dilvery Hair-tail, or Ribbon-fish, is found hair most used in manufacture is the in the Atlantic, along the east coast of the fleecy coat, or soft hair of the sheep, United States from Cape Cod to Florida known as wool (q. v.). Human hair and in the West Indies. The others are is used chiefly for the manufacture of found in Pacific waters.

near the south end of the island of Yesso, See Nematelminthes. at the foot of a hill on the shore of a

Halberstadt

diers, to whom was confided the defense of the colors, and other special duties. It is now used only on ceremonial occasions. Halberstadt (häl-ber-stat), a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, 32 miles s. W. of Magdeburg, on the right bank of the Holzemme. It is an old town, with many timber-framed and curiously ornamented houses. Its principal buildings are the cathedral, the Liebfrauen church, an old Episcopal palace, town house, etc. It has considerable manufactures of carpets, soap, leather, oil, gloves, etc. Pop. 46,481. Halcyon (hal'si-on), an old or

Half-pay

of Long Island in 1776. Being sent by
Washington to penetrate the enemy's line
and obtain information, he was taken,
condemned as a spy, and executed the
next day, September, 1776. He has since
been looked upon as a martyr to the
cause of liberty. He said, 'I only regret
that I have but one life to lose for my
country.'
SARAH JOSEPHA, authoress,
was born at Newport, New
Hampshire, in 1793; died in 1879. She
published The Genius of Oblivion, and
other Poems in 1823, and Northwood, a
novel, in 1827. She edited the Ladies

Hale,

Magazine, Boston, 1828-37, and published
other poems and works of fiction.
Hales (halz), ALEXANDER DE, sur-
named the Irrefragable Doc-
tor; an English theologian, born at Hales
in Gloucestershire, date unknown, cele-
brated among the controversialists of the
thirteenth century. He died at Paris in
1245.

poetical name of the kingfisher. It was fabled to lay its eggs in nests that floated on the sea, about the winter solstice, and to have the power of charming the winds and waves during the period of incubation, so that the weather was then calm; whence the term, halcyon days. See also Kingfisher. Hale (hal), EDWARD EVERETT, author and clergyman, born at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1822. He was graduated at Harvard in 1839, was the pastor of a Unitarian Church in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1846-56, and of one in Boston 1856-1903, when he was appointed chaplain of Congress. He died June 6, 1909. His books were numerous and a number of them highly popular. Prominent among them were The Man Without a Country, Ten Times One is Ten, Philip Nolan's Friends, A New England Boyhood, etc. Hale, HORATIO, philologist, was born in New Hampshire, about other works are L'Eclaire, Guido et Gin1817, a son of S. J. Hale. Graduating evra, La Reine de Chypre, Le Val d'Anat Harvard in 1837, he studied philology dorre, and La Fée aux Roses. He died and produced a valuable work entitled at Nice in 1862. He was a cultivated Ethnology and Philology, that contained and scholarly composer but without much a remarkable amount of information on genius.-His son, LUDOVIC HALÉVY, born those subjects. He also edited the Iro- in 1834, was a popular author of vaudequois Book of Rites. He died in 1896. villes, and wrote the librettos of most of Offenbach's operas. He also wrote the

JOHN P., statesman and Free

Halévy (-la-ve), JACQUES FRANÇOIS FROMENTAL ELIE, & French musical composer, born of Jewish parentage at Paris, 1799. He studied at the conservatory under Lambert and Cherubini, and was sent to Italy to finish his musical education. Here he wrote his first two operas Les Bohémiennes and Pygmalion. The first of his pieces performed was a little comic opera, L'Ấrtisan, given at the Théâtre Feydau in Paris, in 1827. His chef d'œuvre, Le Juive, appeared in 1835, and rapidly obtained a European celebrity. Among his

Hale, Joll candidate for the Presi- charming L'Abbé Constantin and other dency, was born at Rochester, New Hampshire, in 1806. Elected to Congress in 1842, he became prominent in his opposition to slavery. In 1846 Mr. Hale

was chosen U. S. Senator. In 1847 he

was nominated for the Presidency by the National Liberty party, and in 1852 by the Free-soil party. His speeches were replete with humor and pathos. His 16 years in the Senate were devoted to the

agitation of the slavery question. He died in 1873.

Hale, NATHAN, an American patriot, was born at Coventry, Connecticut, in 1755. He was graduated at Yale College in 1773, entered Washington's army in 1775, and took part in the battle

novels, and a number of plays, including
Frou Frou and Tricoche et Caealot, å
comedy which had a remarkable success.
He died in 1908.

Half-moon, in fortification, an out-
work composed of two
faces forming a salient angle, whose
gorge is in the form of a crescent or half-
moon.
Half-pay,
in the British army, is
granted as a remunera-
tion for past services, either to an officer
who retires altogether from active duty
after the full period of service, or to one
who is compelled by ill-health, reduction
of his regiment, or some exceptional
cause, to quit active service for a time.

Half-pike

Half-pike, a defensive weapon, for

to repel the assault of boarders.

Halifax

An officer placed on the retired list in caught on both sides of the Atlantic, and the United States army is granted 75 per is much prized for the table. cent. of the pay of his rank. Halicarnassus (hal-i-kar-nas'us), in ancient geography, merly used in the navy the capital of Caria, in Asia Minor, once an important city. Queen Artemisia Half-tone, an illustration printed erected here, in honor of her husband, from a plate produced by King Mausolus, the celebrated tomb hence the half-tone process. By this process known as the Mausoleum. Halicarnassus blocks that may be used in an ordinary was the native place of Herodotus. press are made from photographs. The Halichondria (hal-i-kon'dri-a), an illustrations show not only black and order of sponges white, but all the gradations between these comprising the common sponges of the -the half' and other fractional tones,' British coasts. They are found incrusting once thought to be beyond the power of stones and sea-weed below the tide-mark,

Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgāris).

ordinary printing. the Haliaëtus (hal-i-a'tus), of birds to which belong the white-tailed sea eagle of Britain, and the whiteheaded or bald eagle of America. Halicore (ha-lik'o-re). See Dugong. Haliburton (hal'i-bur-tun), THOMAS CHANDLER, Halifax (hal'i-faks), a city of Engan Anglo-American humorous writer, land, in the county of York born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1797; (West Riding), on the Hebble, 36 miles died in 1865. He practiced law in Hali- w. s. w. of York. It is built on a rising fax, wrote a Historical and Statistical slope, and has a very picturesque appearAccount of Nova Scotia, and contributed ance. The more modern streets are spaa series of humorous letters to a Halifax cious and well paved. Among the newspaper under the pseudonym of Sam principal buildings are the parish church Slick.' In 1840 he became judge of the of St. John the Baptist (restored 1879), Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, but subse- All Souls' Church, the Square Church, quently went to England. In 1859 he was the town-hall, market-hall, theater, assemelected a member of Parliament. bly rooms, infirmary, etc. There are Halibut (hal'i-but), or HOLIBUT, several charitable institutions, three pubthe Hippoglossus vulgaris, lic parks, and two grammar-schools. one of the largest of the Pleuronectida Halifax commands abundant supplies of or flat-fish family, sometimes weighing coal and water, and an extensive inland more than 300 lbs. The fish has a com- navigation connecting it with Hull and pressed body, one side resembling the Liverpool. It is one of the centers of back and another the belly, and both eyes the woolen and worsted manufactures in on the same side of the head. It is Yorkshire. a great variety of goods being

and have often elegant forms, but are use. genus unfit for any One species, H. oculata, is popularly known as the mermaid's glove.'

Halifax

Hall

produced. There are also iron, chemical, ment of the Bank of England. In 1700 he and machine-making works. Pop. (1911) was raised to the peerage as Baron Hali101,556. fax, was twice impeached by the House of

Halifax, a city, capital of Nova Commons, and remained out of office durScotia, is situated on the ing the reign of Anne. Having taken an slope of a commanding hill, on the west- active part in securing the succession of ern side of Halifax harbor. The harbor the house of Brunswick, George I created is one of the best and most spacious in him an earl, and bestowed on him the America and is easy of access at all sea- order of the Garter. He became first lord sons of the year. Its length from north to of the treasury in 1714. His character south is about 16 miles, and it terminates was a mixture of meanness and arrogance, in a beautiful sheet of water called Bed- but his taste in literature and the arts ford Basin, within which are 10 square was good, and he had a great talent for miles of good anchorage. The harbor is finance.

well fortified, and has an extensive govern- Halifax, GEORGE SAVILLE, MARQUIS ment dockyard. The city, which was first OF, son of Sir William Sasettled as a colony by Governor Cora- ville, English statesman and writer, born wallis in 1749, has spacious and regular in 1630; died in 1695. Having_exerted streets, an elegant Province Building, himself for the return of Charles II he was large Roman and Anglican Catholic created Viscount Halifax in 1667, in 1669 cathedrals, a military hospital, theater, Earl, and in 1682 Marquis of Halifax, university, etc. It is the principal naval being also keeper of the privy seal and station of British America, has an exten- president of the council. He supported sive foreign and coasting trade, and large James II, but lost his favor by opposexports. There are numerous manufac- ing the repeal of the Test and Habeas tures, including iron castings, cars, ma- Corpus acts. He was chosen speaker chinery paint, soap, cordage, fertilizers, of the House of Lords in the Convention skates, tobacco, paper, etc.; also rolling Parliament, and largely contributed to mills. Pop. (1911) 46.619. This city was the elevation of William III to the the scene of a frightful accident on De- throne. He wrote Advice to a Daughter, cember 6, 1917, when a French vessel, various political tracts, such as the loaded with munitions, including a large Character of a Trimmer, Maxims of quantity of high explosives, was run into State, etc. He himself was a specimen by a vessel laden with supplies for the of the trimmer, his conduct, however, Belgian Relief Commission. The munition being guided more by patriotic than pership was set on fire and quickly exploded sonal reasons.

with terrific violence, the whole city Haliotis (hal-i-o'tis), a genus of gas

being shaken and the section of its known

teropodous molluscs, both as Richmond, a district of over two square fossil and recent, commonly called earmiles in area, almost completely wrecked shells, or sea-cars, found adhering to by the explosion and the widespread con- rocks on the shore and remarkable for flagration that followed. This, the north- the pearly iridescence of the inner surern part of the city, consisted largely of face. The name is derived from their frame buildings, but the more substantial likeness to an ear.

buildings farther away suffered consider- Hall (häl), an ancient town of Ausable damage from the violent shock. The tria, in the Tyrol, 6 miles east loss in human life was great, more than of Innsbruck, on the Inn, which is here 1500 persons being killed, while about navigable. It has very extensive salt 4000 were injured. The property loss works, and in recent times has become a was estimated at $50,000,000. summer resort. Pop. 6191.

Halifax, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL Hall,

a town of Würtemberg.
Schwäbisch-Hall.

See

OF, an English poet and statesman, born in 1661; died in 1715 Hall (ha), ASAPH, astronomer, born He was educated at Westminster School at Goshen, Connecticut, in 1829; and Trinity College, Cambridge. He first died in 1907. He graduated at the Uniattracted notice by his verses, and in versity of Michigan, and in 1863 was 1687 wrote, in conjunction with Matthew made professor of mathematics in the Prior, The Town and Country Mouse. United States navy. In 1877 he made He entered the House of Commons as the capital discovery of two moons of member for Malden during the Conven- Mars, named by him Deimos and Phobos. tion Parliament, became a lord of the Hall (hal), BASIL, a naval officer and treasury in 1692, and chancellor of the traveler, son of Sir James Hall exchequer in 1694. His administration of Douglass, born at Edinburgh in 1788, was distinguished by the adoption of the entered the navy in 1802, and became funded debt system, and by the establish post-captain in 1817. Amongst his prin