Gelderland Gembloux sues, but is formed by the action of boil- Gellert (gel'ért), CHRISTIAN FÜRCHing water. The coarser forms of gelatine TEGOTT, a German poet, born from hoofs, hides, etc., are called glue; in 1715; died in 1769. He was appointed that from skin and finer membranes is extraordinary professor of philosophy at called size; and the purest gelatine, from Leipzig in 1751, where his lectures were the air-bladders and other membranes of received with great applause. His hymns, fish, is called isinglass. With tannin a tales, fables, and essays enjoyed much yellowish white precipitate is thrown popularity in their day. down from a solution of gelatine, which Gellius (jellius), AULUS, a Roman forms an elastic adhesive mass, not un Gelnhausen author of the second cenlike vegetable gluten, and is a compound tury. His Noctes Attica, a book of seof tannin and gelatine. It is this action lected passages from many ancient auof tannin on gelatine that is the foun- thors, is now of great value, as the dation of the art of tanning leather. authors from which he drew his materials In relation to the arts the uses of gela- are in a great measure lost. tin have been greatly extended. It is the (geln'hou-zn), an old foundation of the dry-plate system of phowalled town of Prustography; it is used in the printing proc- sia, province Hesse-Nassau, 16 miles E. ess employed by Goupil of Paris and oth- N. E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. Its priuers for making highly artistic copies of cipal buildings are a large Gothic church pictures; and it is extensively utilized of the thirteenth century, and, on an by druggists for coating pills and nause- island in the Kinzig, a recently-restored ous drugs. In the form of isinglass it is palace in which Frederick Barbarossa employed by brewers for clarifying beer, and several of his successors used to reand also for wine, by reason of its form- side. Pop. 4500. ing a coagulum when acted upon by the Gelon (jelon), an ancient Greek chemicals of those liquids and precipitating the extraneous matter held in solution. Gelderland, GUELDERLAND (gel'der ruler, tyrant of Gela, and afterwards of Syracuse. After the death of Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, he seized the sovereign power (B.C. 491), and land), a province of about 485 B.C. gained possession of Syrthe Netherlands; area, 1963 English sq. acuse. From this time he bent all his miles. It is generally flat, and has much energies to the aggrandizement of his alluvial soil, well fitted both for arable new capital, the power and importance and grass husbandry. The manufactures, of which he greatly increased by his conprincipally woolen, cotton, and linen quests and good government. His aid goods, soap, salt, and glass, are carried was sought by the Greeks against Xerxes, on extensively in various quarters. The but a formidable invasion of Carthaginprincipal towns are Arnheim, Nijmegen, ians under Hamilcar engaged him in Thiel, and Zutphen. Pop. 566,549. Geldern (gel'dern), a town of Rhenish Prussia, 27 miles northwest of Düsseldorf. Pop. 6551. Gelder-rose. See Guelder-rose. Sicily. The result was the total defeat of the Carthaginians in the great battle of Himera (B.C. 480). It is celebrated in an ode by Pindar. Gelon died in 478 B.C., and was succeeded by his brother Hieron. Gelee (zhe-la), CLAUDE. See Claude Gelsemium (jel-semi-um), a ge Lorraine. nus of plants belong Gell (jel), SIR WILLIAM, an English ing to the nat. order Loganiaceae, the antiquarian and classical scholar, best-known, G. nitidum or Carolina jasborn in 1777; died at Naples in 1836. mine, being an evergreen climbing shrub He was educated at Cambridge, and was of the Southern States, with twigs profor some time a fellow of Emanuel Col- ducing a milky juice, opposite lance lege in that university. In 1814 the shaped shining leaves, and sweet-scented Princess of Wales (afterwards Queen yellow flowers. The root has valuable Caroline) appointed him one of her medicinal properties, being used for conchamberlains, and he accompanied her trolling certain forms of nervous irritaon her travels for several years. His bility. principal works are: The Topography of Gemara (ge-mä'ra), in Jewish lit Troy, The Geography and Antiquities of erature, the second part of Talmud or Ithaca, The Itinerary of Greece. The Itin- the commentary on the erary of the Morea, The Topography Mishna. See Talmud. of Rome, and the interesting and beauti- Gembloux (zän-blö), an old Belful work, Pompeiana, or Observations gian town, province of Upon the Topography, Edifices, and Or- Namur, 24 miles S. E. of Brussels. It naments of Pompeii. bas a Benedictine abbey of the ninth cen Gemini Gems The tury, now used as a royal agricultural chemical elements present in the real institution. Pop. 4643. stone, has reached a high degree of sucGemini (jem'i-ni, the Twins (II), cess. The diamond, which is an allotropic the third sign of the zodiac, form of carbon, has hitherto resisted at so named from its two brightest stars, tempts to reproduce it of sufficient size to Castor, of the first magnitude, farthest have a commercial value. By dissolving to the west, and Pollux, of the second, carbon in molten iron and suddenly coolfarthest to the east. Its constituent ing the molten mass by a stream of water, stars form a binary system revolving in whereupon the outer part contracts with about 250 years. The sun is in Gemini great force and compresses the interior so from about May 21st till June 21st, or that the carbon separates out, Moissan, the longest day. the French chemist, succeeded in isolating Gemmation (jem-ma'shun), in zool- small crystals, none, however, as large as ogy, a mode of reproduc- 1/25 inch in diameter. tion among certain animals of low type, Experiments in the manufacture of the which consists in the production of a bud ruby have met with such success that the or buds, generally from the exterior, but synthetic ruby is produced of a size and sometimes from the interior, of the body of a perfection that would place a proof the animal, which buds are developed hibitive value on the natural stone. The into independent beings that may or may ruby, chemically considered, is crystalnot remain attached to the parent organ- lized alumina, or oxide of aluminum, with ism. The fresh beings thus produced are a small percentage of oxide of chromium. known as zooids. Gemmation is also ob- Sapphire is of the same material, differserved in plants of simple organization ing from the ruby only in color. such as the yeast. ruby owes its fine red color to the presGems (jems), or precious stones, are ence of oxide of chromium; the sapphire sometimes found crystallized in its deep blue to either a lower oxide of regular shapes and with a natural polish, chromium or to an oxide of titanium. more commonly of irregular shapes and Crystallized alumina in the different colwith a rough coat. The term gem often ors receives different trade names, as denotes more particularly a stone that is Oriental emerald for the green; Oriental cut, polished, or engraved, and it also topaz for the yellow; Oriental amethyst includes pearls and various artificial pro- for the purple; while the water-clear, colductions. Precious stones in their natural orless crystal is known as white sapphire. state are usually encrusted with various The process of manufacture of rubies is deposits; and it is to remove this crust carried on with the oxyhydrogen blowand to bring out the real beauty of the pipe, to whose intense heat the powdered gem that the work of cutting and polish- alumina with its coloring oxides is subing is performed. The stones that are jected. Rubies have been thus produced thus treated include the ruby, diamond, weighing 12 to 15 carats when cut. The emerald, sapphire, garnet, topaz and ame- average weight of the native Burmese thyst. These are classed as transparent ruby is about one-eighth of a carat. The stones. The opal is semi-transparent. sapphire and the so-called Oriental stones Among the more or less opaque stones are are prepared in the same manner, with the turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate, onyx, the addition of proper coloring matter. cat's-eye, moonstone, bloodstone, jade and The emerald and opal have not emerged carnelian. Imitation gems are extensively from the experimental stage, although manufactured. The base of one class of Becquerel, a French chemist, is reported imitations is a peculiar kind of glass of to have produced opals from solutions of considerable hardness, brilliancy and re- silicates with high-tension electric curfractive power called paste or strass. rents. To be distinguished from synWhen the strass is obtained very pure it thetic gems are reconstructed stones, is melted and mixed with substances hav- which (as yet only done with the ruby) ing a metallic base, generally oxides, are pieces of the natural stone fused towhich communicate to the mass the most gether. They are very brittle. The pearl varied colors. Another class often fraudu- is not produced synthetically, but many lently offered for sale as genuine stones imitations exist. The Japanese produce are made by cementing thin plates of pre- them by fastening a piece of mother-ofcious materials over and sometimes under pearl in the shells of the pearl-oyster and a body of worthless glass. This veneered allowing it to remain there for a number stone successfully undergoes the surface of years. The turquoise, a phosphate of test, and by the uninitiated is often ac- aluminum colored with copper, is not syncepted as a valuable gem. thetically produced, although various exThe art of manufacturing gems syn- periments with its manufacture have been thetically, that is, by the combination of made. Gemsbok General Lien Gemsbok (jemz'bok), the Oryx ga- nine termination. In English the gender zella, a large and powerful of a noun only affects the pronoun submember of the antelope family, inhabit- stituted for it. ing the plains of South Africa. It equals Genealogy the domestic ass in size, has a short, erect mane, a long, sweeping, black tail, and long, sharp-pointed, heavy horns, nearly straight from base to tip, and obscurely ringed throughout the lower half. By the aid of these natural bayonets it can easily defend itself from the smaller Carnivora, and it has been known to drive off, and even kill, the lion himself, when attacked by him. (je-ne-alo-ji), the systematical investigation and exhibition of the origin, descent, and relations of families (or their pedigree). Persons descended from a common father constitute a family. Under the idea of degree of relationship is denoted the nearness or remoteness of relationship in which one person stands with respect to another. A series of several persons, descended from a common progenitor, is Gendarmes (zhan-darm), the name called a line. A line is either direct or originally given in collateral. The collateral lines compreFrance to the whole body of armed men, heud the several lines which unite in a but after the introduction of standing common progenitor. For illustrating armies to a body of heavy-armed cavalry, descent and relationship genealogical tawhich composed the chief strength of the bles are constructed, the order of which forces. Gendarmes are now the French depends on the end in view. The com armed police. They are all picked men; mon form of genealogical tables places they are usually taken from the regular the common stock at the head, and shows forces, and are of tried courage or ap- the degree of each descendant by lines. proved conduct. There are horse gen- Some tables, however, have been condarmes and foot gendarmes. They are structed in the form of a tree, in which formed into small parties called brigades; the progenitor (German, Stammrater) is and the union of a number of these forms placed beneath, as if for a root. a departmental company. General (jen'er-al), the commander Gender (jen'der), in grammar one of of an army, or of a division those classes or categories or brigade; the highest military title, into which words are divided according with the exception of that of field-marto the sex, natural or metaphorical, of shal. In the United States service there the beings and things they denote. It are three ranks, the highest general, the may be exhibited by a class of words second major-general, and the lowest marked by similarity in termination, the brigadier-general, the last being immetermination having attached to it a dis- diately above a colonel, as in other servtinction in sex, as seen in nouns, adjec- ices. In Britain three similar ranks tives, participles, etc. There are three exist, their titles being general, lieutengenders in all: masculine, feminine, and ant-general and major-general. General, neuter, but these three distinctions only in the Roman Catholic Church, is the exist in some languages. In Sanskrit, title given to the supreme head, under Greek, and Latin all three are present, the pope, of a monastic order. In most as also in German and English. English of the orders he is elected for three years, words expressing males are said to be of the masculine gender; those expressing females, of the feminine gender; and words expressing things having no sex (General). (jen-er-al-i-za' shun), in logic, is or some other fixed term, by the Jesuits for life, but the election must be confirmed by the pope. General Assembly. See Assembly are of the neuter, or neither gender. Gender is thus coincident with sex in Generalization English, and is a very simple matter. But in other languages sex and gender the act of comprehending, under a comhave little or no necessary relation, the mon name, several objects agreeing in majority of the names applied to inani- some point which we abstract from each mate objects being either masculine or of them, and which that common term feminine, and the grounds for such dis- serves to indicate. tinction being quite obscure. In the lan- General Lien (en), in law, is the guages derived from the Latin-Italian, right to retain possesFrench, Spanish, and Portuguese-a neu- sion of a chattel until payment be made, ter gender is not recognized. In the not only of any debt due in respect of highly inflected languages there are cer- that particular chattel, but of any baltain terminations distinctive of the dif- ance that may be due on general account ferent genders, but in English gender only in the same line of business. General to a slight extent depends on the form liens do not exist at common law, but of the word-ess, for instance, is a femi- depend entirely upon contract express or General Paralysis General Theological Seminary implied from the special usage of dealing of the disease the physical signs may not between the parties. be marked. But usually the onset of the General Paralysis, known also as malady is characterized by stolidity of General Paraly- countenance, tremulous lips, hindered and sis of the Insane, Dementia Paralytica, blurred articulation, associated with a and Progressive General Paralysis, is a tremor of the hand and arm which interdisease due to the progressive destruction feres with writing, and an ataxic or of the nerve cells of the brain cortex and spastic gait. The patient is also liable to hypertrophy of the supporting connec- to epileptic or apoplectic seizures. The tive tissue, and is frequently attended by stage of complete paralysis supervenes, spinal complications. It occurs most com- The patient is a physical and mental mouly in adult males, and can almost al- wreck, bed-ridden, utterly helpless, unways be traced to syphilitic or alcoholic able to retain fæces or urine. Death redegeneration. Later research, instituted sults from exhaustion, in coma or convulby the growing frequency of this disease sions, from heart failure or lung compliand its serious character, has resulted in cations. Recovery from general paralysis the conclusion that it is a parasyphilitic is at present of rare occurrence, though type of disease. The spirochata pallida, recoveries have been reported, taking place the essential germ-organism of syphilis, before the advanced stages were reached. is present in the central nervous system General Ship, in maritime law, is of a large proportion of the cases of gen a ship announced by eral paralysis, and nearly all of them give the owners to take goods from a particua positive Wassermann reaction. The lar port at a specified time, and which is presence of an organism resembling the not under special contract to particular Klebs-Loeffler bacillus has been detected, individuals. and for a time it was held that the dis General Staff, is that part of army ease was due to a bacterial toxin; but this organization which theory has since been abandoned, and it consists of a number of officers selected is now believed that if these bacteria play for their special fitness to aid in carryany part in the progress of the malady, it ing out the principles of military procedis of secondary importance. The symptoms ure as formulated by the general comof general paralysis may be divided into manding officer. The body of the general mental, sensory and motor. The mental staff had its origin in Germany, where a symptoms are characterized by lack of number of officers, not attached to any adjustment, lack of will power, indecision corps, were appointed to prepare maps, and irritability; also by moral perver- strategical schemes, and statistics regardsions, as indecent exposure, criminal as- ing the relative strength of armies. It is sault, theft and various minor offenses. to be distinguished from the company of Among the sensory symptoms, loss of sight and hearing, formications and anesthesias are common. The motor symptoms are marked by the loss of power of expression by speech or in writing, aphasia, irregular gait and a change in the pupillary reflex. The mental defect associated with these departures from the normal may assume various forms, as alternating periods of excitement and depression, with periods in between of a general officers surrounding a commander in the field of war. In the United States the General Staff Corps was created by act of Congress, February 14, 1903. It is governed by rules prescribed by the President, and is made up of about fifty officers who are detailed for a period of four years. Their duties consist in studying the efficiency and strength of the army, plans for defense, mobilization and strategic positions (in time of war). return to the normal state. This is the General Theological Seminary, so-called paralysis of double or circular form. The second group shows a pro- situated in Manhattan Borough, N. Y., gressively increasing loss of mental power, and founded in 1817, is the chief seminary the memory, business capacity and will of the Protestant Episcopal Church of power gradually deteriorating, with only America. After many years of financial slightly marked evidence of depression or difficulty it was placed on an independent excitement. A third group comprises basis by the gifts of Dean Hoffman, who cases of expansive delirium or maniacal administered its affairs (1878-1902). It excitement. Extravagant delusions as to has both an ordinary course of three years the wealth and power, and extreme ex- and a post-graduate course. It confers citement passing into homicidal mania, the degrees of B.D. and D.D., the latter are distinguishing features of this class. of which is both academic and honorary. In a fourth group depression associated No fees are charged for its tuition, and with loss of memory and with delusions there are many valuable prizes. Its stais a marked symptom. All cases gravi- tistics, in 1922 were: faculty, 16; stutate toward dementia. In the early stages dents, 100; library, 60,000 volumes. Generalization Generalization, hending Genesis the act of compre- of matter which exist in all living things, under a and have inherent activities by which general name a number of objects which they are distinguished from non-living agree in one or more points. The general term stands for the many objects in so far only as they all agree. This process is akin to classification and definition; and the higher form of it is induction. Generation (jen-er-a'shun), a single succession of human beings (or animals) who are born, grow up, and reproduce their kind; hence, an age or period of time between one succession and the next, as the third, the fourth, or the tenth generation. The length of a human generation is usually estimated at about thirty years. Generation. See Reproduction. matter. Of course it is only animals or plants of very low type and minute size that have been supposed to be produced spontaneously, and the readiness with which such appear lends plausibility to the theory. Experiments of recent date, moreover, seem to point to the spontaneous origin of life. Dr. H. Charlton Bastian and others claim that they succeeded in obtaining living organisms from certain chemical solutions. Dr. Edward A. Schafer, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, points out that biology tends to obliterate the line between living and non-living matter. Generation, ALTERNATE, or META: Generator. See Dynamo. (je-ner'ik), in natural history, the de ents produce progeny unlike, sometimes nomination which comprehends all the extremely unlike, themselves, while this species of a genus; thus Canis is the geunlike progeny give rise to others resem- neric name of animals of the dog kind; bling the original forms. Sometimes Felis, of the cat kind; Cervus, of the there are more than one unlike form be- deer kind. See Genus. tween these like forms. The Hydrozoa Genesee (jen-e-se'), a river of the abundantly illustrate this phenomenon, and romantic scenery, and its extraordi- The United States, which rises also the Echinoderms, Polyzoa, Tunicata, in Pennsylvania, flows north through the wheel animalcules, Nematoid worms. New York, and falls into Lake Ontario flatworms, tapeworms, several of the 6 miles below Rochester, after a course true Annelids among Crustaceans, Daph- of 145 miles. It is notable for its varied nia, the Phyllopods among Insects, the plant-lice. The steps may be seen in certain of the Hydroid Polyps, thus: (1) There is an ovum or egg, free-swimming and impregnated. (2) This ovum attaches itself to a fixed submarine object, and develops into an organized animal. (3) This organism produces buds or Genesis (jen'e-sis: Greek, creation, zooids, often of two kinds-one set nubirth, origin), the first book tritive, the other generative-unlike each of the Bible and of the Pentateuch, named other and unlike their parent, the whole in the Hebrew canon B'reshith (In the forming a hydroid colony. (4) The gen- Beginning'), from the term with which it erative set mature eggs, which on being commences. From the Greek translators liberated become the free-swimming ova it received the name it is now commonly (No. 1), and the cycle is renewed. A known by. Genesis consists of two great somewhat similar phenomenon is that of but closely connected divisions :— (1) Parthenogenesis (which see). The history of the creation, the fall of Generation, SPONTANEOUS, or ABIO- man, the flood, the dispersion of the hu GENESIS, the doctrine man race, chap. i-xi. (2) The history that living matter may originate sponta- of the fathers of the Jewish race, chap. neously, 'that under certain circum- xii-l. A certain apparent difference of stances dead matter may build itself up style and language, the occurrence of into living matter without the inter- what seem gaps on the one hand, and vention of already existing protoplasm.' repetitions and contradictions on the In the 17th century this was the dom- other, and the different use of the term inant view, sanctioned alike by antiquity for the divine name (Jehovah, Everlastand authority, and was first assailed by ing; and Elohim, Almighty), led very Redi, an Italian philosopher. Buffon held early to the question of the integrity of the doctrine in a very modified degree, the book, and various critics declare that He held that life is the indefeasible prop- larger or smaller interpolations have been erty of certain indestructible molecules made in the original text. |