Hara

Hardenberg

Hara (ha-rär'), a city of North- Gladstone's ministry, Nov., 1873; home eastern Africa, about 150 miles from the coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is the center of a small district governed as an independent sovereignty by an emir. The inhabitants are strict Mohammedans. Pop. variously estimated from 30,000 to 40,000.

secretary in 1880, when he lost his seat for Oxford but was returned for Derby. In Feb., 1886, he was made chancellor of the exchequer; and after the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's ministry became a prominent leader of the Gladstonian section; in 1892 he was reappointed chanHarbin (hår'bin), or KHARBIN, a cellor of the exchequer. He died in 1904. railway town on the Sun- Hardangerfjord r), a fjord fyord), on the west coast of Southern Norway, with magnificent scenery. Hardee (har'de), WILLIAM J., soldier, born at Savannah, Georgia about 1818; graduated at West Point in 1838; became captain in 1844. and joined the Confederate army in 1861. He served as major-general at the battle of Shiloh, and was appointed lieutenantgeneral in October, 1862. He fought at Stone River and in several later battles, and unsuccessfully defended Savannah against Sherman in 1864. His work on given to any bay, creek, or Tactics was long an authority. He died inlet of the sea affording accommodation in 1873. for ships and protection against the wind Hardenberg (har'den-berg), FRIEDand sea. The great requisites of a good RICH VON, German harbor are accessibility, adequate depth of writer, better known under the name of water, and shelter from violence of wind Novalis, was born in 1772; died in 1801. and water. Harbors are either natural He studied at Jena, Leipzig, and Wittenor artificial, the latter being made wholly berg, was the friend of Tieck and the or partly by the construction of moles or Schlegels, and spent his brief life in study breakwaters. In connection with the and literary production. He was one of more important harbors there are usually the leaders of the romantic school,' and docks, in which the water is kept as his writings are a strange mixture of nearly as possible at the same level, thus imagination, profundity and mysticism. See Breakwater and Docks. giving facility in loading and unloading. Amongst his works are an unfinisned Harbor Grace, von Ofterdingen, and west side of Conception Bay. It is the foundland, on the handsome cathedral, and an active trade. Hanover, in 1750. He entered the civil Roman Catholic bishop, has a

gari River, in Northern Manchuria, 615 miles N. E. of Port Arthur, 350 miles N. W. of Vladivostok. It was founded by Russia in 1896 at the junction of the Trans-Siberian Railway with the South Manchurian line to Port Arthur, as a railway and military center, and has now a population estimated at over 70,000. It has steamboat connections via the Sungari with the Amur and is a trading center. In 1904 it was an important depôt of supplies for the Russian army during the war with Japan.

Harbor (har'bur), a general name

seat of

a

Pop. 5184.

Harburg

Hanover,

ried

trade.

a seaport of New

(här'bourg), a town in Prussia, in the province of on the left bank of the South

novel, Heinrich
Spiritual Songs.

Hardenberg, KARL AUGUST, PRINCE

VON, Prussian chancellor of state, was born at Essenrode, in

service of his country, but left it for that of Brunswick, and next became Prussian minister of state, and in 1804 first minister of Prussia. His conduct was vacil

Elbe, opposite to Hamburg. It has va- lating, now favoring an alliance with Namanufactures and an important Harcourt Pop. (1910) 67,028. (hår'cört), SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON, lawyer and politician, son of the late Rev. William Vernon HarWas born in 1827. He was edu

court,

poleon and again hostile to him. After the Peace of Tilsit, he was banished from the Prussian court by command of Napoleon, was recalled to office as chancellor in 1810, and after the French disaster at Moscow was amongst the first to declare that the time had now come for a general cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, was effort against Napoleon. Hardenberg Counsel in 1866; contributed frequently ated prince. called to the bar in 1854, became queen's signed the Peace of Paris, and was re to actors at the Congress of The Times signed Historicus. He was Vienna; became president of the Prussian returned for Oxford city in 1869 in the council of state; was present in 1818 at Liberal interest and distinguished himself the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle; in 1819 debate: was made solicitor-general in Mr. 1820-21 at Laibach; and in 1822 at Ve

He was one of the most

Harderwijk

Hardwar

rona. He died in 1822. He abolished the nominee of the Republican party for feudal privileges in Prussia, and was a president in 1920, and won the election by munificent patron of the sciences. an overwhelming majority, the electoral

Harderwijk (har'der-vik), a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland, on the Zuider Zee, 30 miles east of Amsterdam. Pop. 7425.

vote being: Harding, 404; Cox (Democrat), 127. He was inaugurated March 4, 1921. One of his first acts was to urge ratification of the pending treaty with

Hard-hack, the American popular Colombia. The treaty. which provided

for the payment of $25,000,000 to Colombia by the United States, was ratified by the Senate on April 20. The outstanding

name of a plant, the Spiræa tomentosa, common in pastures and low grounds, and celebrated for its astringent properties, which cause it to be achievements of his administration were used medicinally.

the Armaments' Limitation Conference or (q. v.) and the British debt settlement. Hardicanute (hår-di-ka-nut'), HARTHCANUT, King On June 20, 1923, he started on a trip to of England and Denmark, was the only Alaska, making a number of speeches on legitimate son of Canute. At the time of the way. Returning to San Francisco his father's death, in 1036, he was in after his visit to the Territory he was Denmark, where he was immediately rec- stricken with double pneumonia and died ognized as king. His half-brother Har- from a stroke of cerebral apoplexy Auold, however, who happened to be in gust 2, 1923. He was distinguished by a England at the time, laid claim to the gift of eloquence, shrewd intuition. a throne of that part of their father's genius for friendship, and a genuine afdominions, and succeeded in getting pos- fection for his own kind. Calvin Coosession of Mercia, Northumbria, and lidge succeeded him as president. Wessex, but died in 1040, when Hardi

canute peacefully succeeded him. He Hardness (hard'nes), the quality of bodies which enables them reigned till 1042, leaving the government to resist abrasion of their surfaces. In almost entirely in the hands of his mother mineralogy a scale is used in which a set and the powerful Earl Godwin, while he of standard bodies are arranged and numgave himself up to feasts and carousals. bered, and other bodies are referred to Hardie (har'di), JAMES KEIR (1856- this scale with respect to hardness. The 1915), a British labor leader, following is the scale given by F. Mohs: born in Scotland. He began work in the (1) talc, (2) gypsum, (3) calcite, (4) coal mines at the age of eight. He found- fluorite, (5) apatite, (6) felspar, (7) ed the Labor Leader and was the first quartz, (8) topaz, (9) sapphire, (10) Labor member of the House of Commons. diamond. Where greater precision in the Harding (harding), WARREN determination of hardness is required, an G(AMALIEL), twenty-ninth instrument called a 'sclerometer' is empresident of the United States. Born at ployed. Corsica, Morrow Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1865, Hardouin (ar-dö-an), JEAN, a learned educated at the Ohio Central College (now non-existent). He studied law, but took up newspaper work at Marion, Ohio, in 1884, and became president of the Harding Publishing Co., publishers of the Marion Star, a daily paper. In 1891 he married Florence Kling of Marion. He served as a member of the Ohio senate from 1900 to 1904, and was lieutenantgovernor of Ohio 1904-06. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Ohio in 1910, but was defeated by Governor

French Jesuit, born in 1646; died in 1729. He maintained the extraordinary hypothesis that all the writings under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and historians, except those of Homer, Herodotus, Cicero, and Pliny the Elder, the satires and epistles of Horace, and the Georgics of Virgil, are the spurious productions of the thirteenth century, written by monks under the direction of one Severus Archontius. Hardpan, a strata of hardened clay Harmon, re-elected. Elected to the U. S. sand, or gravel, several feet Senate in 1914 he was one of those who under the soft upper soil, for which it opposed the ratification of the Treaty of serves as a foundation, and aids in holding Peace with Germany (q. v.) as presented water. It has become a popular term for by President Wilson. The treaty con- the lowest point of descent in any state of tained the Covenant of the League of affairs. Nations (q. v.) and Mr. Harding joined Hardwar (hur-dwär'), a town of with the senators who objected to the United States entering a league in which they were obligated to defend and protect the territorial integrity of member nations, as provided by article ten. He was

India, in Saharanpur distriet. Northwestern Provinces. It is situated on the Ganges, and is one of the principal places of Hindu pilgrimage, and of the ceremonial of bathing in the sacrel

Twenty-ninth President of the United States. Born in Ohio in 1865, he became owner and editor of the Marion Star; was elected to the United States Senate in 1914; and took office as President in 1921. Among the notable events of his administration was the great Conference on the Limitation of Armaments, which convened, on his invitation, at Washington in 1921-22. He died at San Francisco, Calif., August 2, 1923, while returning from a trip to Alaska.

Hardware

Hareld®

river. The town is of great antiquity and no courage and little cunning, is protected has interesting ruins. l'op. 25,597. from its enemies mainly by the acuteness Hardware (hard' war), the name of its sight and hearing and its extraordiusually given to the com- nary swiftness of foot. Its voice is never moner articles made of iron, brass, and heard except when seized or wounded, copper. The manufacture of such arti- when it utters a sharp loud cry, not very cles now forms a gigantic industry in unlike that of a child. Its flesh is rather Great Britain, especially in England, dry, but is much prized for its peculiar where its chief seats are Birmingham and flavor. Sheffield.

Hardwood Trees, are usually trees

Hare,

JULIUS CHARLES, an English writer on theological and soof slow growth, cial subjects, born in 1796; died in 1855. such as the oak, beech, witch-elm, elm, He was educated at the Charterhouse, and ash, service-tree, walnut, chestnut, acacia, Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1832 he etc., the tissue of which is firm and became rector of Herstmonceaux, in close. They are distinguished from soft- 1840 was appointed Archdeacon of wooded trees such as the willow, poplar, Lewes, in 1851 obtained a prebend in etc., and resinous trees such as the pine, Chichester Cathedral, and in 1853 befir, cedar, larch, etc. came one of the queen's chaplains. In

Hardy (har'di), THOMAS, novelist, concert with his brother, Augustus born in Dorsetshire, Eng- William Hare, he published a well-known land, in 1840. He served an apprentice- work entitled Guesses at Truth by Two ship as an ecclesiastical architect; pub- Brothers. His other writings include sevlished his first novel, Desperate Remedies, eral volumes of sermons; a Memoir of in 1872, and has since continued a series John Sterling, prefixed to a collection of favorite fictions. His best known of his writings; and a Vindication of work is Far from the Madding Crowd, Luther Against His Recent English Aswith its fine air of rural life. Others are sailants. The Hand of Ethelberta, The Trumpet Hare, ROBERT, chemist, born at PhilaMajor, The Woodlanders, The Return of delphia, Pennsylvania, in the Native, The Mayor of Casterbridge, 1781; died in 1858. He was professor of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, etc. chemistry in the University of PennsylHare (här), the common name of the vania, 1818-47, and gained fame by the rodent quadrupeds of the genus invention of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. Lepus with long ears, long hind limbs, a He also invented the valve-cock, the calshort tail, soft hair, and a divided upper orimeter, etc. He investigated spirituallip; its dental formula is: incisors, ism and became convinced of its truth, canines, molars - 28; the two being the first scientist to accept it. forefeet have five and the hinder four Harebell (har bel), the Scotch toes. They run by a kind of leaping pace. BLUEBELL (Campanula The females produce litters of three to rotundifolia), a plant of the nat. order six about four times a year. The young Campanulaceæ, co m mon leverets have their eyes open at birth. on dry and hilly pastures, by The common hare (L. timidus) is found roadsides, etc., in most disthroughout Europe and some parts of tricts of Europe, with a bellAsia. It is tawny red on the back and shaped blue (sometimes white on the belly, and is about 2 ft. long. white) flower. The radical The mountain hare or varying hare (L. leaves are cordate or renivariabilis), confined to Northern Europe form, the stem-leaves partly and the mountainous regions of the south, ovate or lanceolate, partly is smaller than the common hare, and be- linear. Its slender stem is comes white in winter. L. cuniculus is from 4 to 6 inches high, and the rabbit, properly so called, distin- bears sometimes a single guished by its smaller size and burrowing flower. Several American habits. (See Rabbit.) The American species of Campanula are hare (L. Americanus), not much larger known to all lovers of wild Harebell. than a rabbit, is found in most parts of flowers. North America. In North America there Hareld (har'eld; Harelda glacialis), are also the polar hare (L. glacialis), a the long-tailed duck, an variety of the varying hare (L. varia- oceanic duck having a short thick bill, a bilis), but of superior size and purer high forehead and two very long feathers color; and the prairie hare (L. campes- in the tail of the male, whilst the females tris), one of the species known as jackass have the tail short and rounded. It inhares or Jack-rabbits, from their size habits the northern seas, and is frequent and length of limb. The hare, which has in Orkney and Shetland.