Genet Geneva Genet (jen'et), a digitigrade carniv- for tourists and travelers into Switzerorous mammal of the family land. In literature and science Geneva Viverrida. The genus Genetta contains has long occupied a distinguished place, five species, the best known of which is and it has been the birthplace or the the G. vulgāris, the common genet, whose residence of many eminent men, including range extends all around the Mediterra- Calvin, Beza, Knox, Le Sage, Necker, nean, including Western Asia, Northern De Candolle, Rousseau, Sismondi, etc. Africa, and Southern Europe. It is about Geneva early adopted the principles of the size of a small cat, but of a longer the Reformation, and chiefly through the form, with a sharp-pointed snout, up- teaching of Calvin, the town acquired an right ears, and a long tail. It has a important influence over the spiritual beautiful soft fur, and, like the civet, pro- life of Europe, and became the center of duces an agreeable perfume. The habits education for the Protestant youth of Briof the genet are like those of the weasel tain, France, and Germany. Pop. 105,tribe; it is easily tamed, and is some- 710.-The canton is bounded by the cantimes employed in Constantinople and ton of Vaud and the Lake of Geneva, and elsewhere to catch rats and mice. by France. Area, 109 sq. miles. It beGeneva (je-ne'va: German, Genf; longs to the basin of the Rhône, and the French, Genève), a town of only streams of importance are that river Switzerland, capital of the canton of the and the Arve, which joins it a little besame name, situated at the western ex- low the town of Geneva. The soil has tremity of the Lake of Geneva, where the been so much improved by skillful and Rhône issues, here crossed by several preserving culture that abundant crops bridges, and dividing the town into two of all kinds suitable to the climate are portions, the larger and more important raised, and the whole territory wears the of which is on the left or south bank. appearance of a garden. Manufactures The environs are covered with handsome consist chiefly of clocks and watches, muvillas, and the town itself, when ap- sical boxes, mathematical instruments, proached either by land or water, has a gold, silver, and other metal wares, woolvery attractive appearance. It was for- en cloths, and silk goods of various demerly surrounded by walls and regular scriptions, hats, leather, and articles in fortifications, but since 1850 these have leather; and there are numerous cotton been removed. The town is divided into mills, calico printing works, and dye two parts, an upper and a lower. The works. The territory of Geneva having, upper town, occupied chiefly by the by the arrangements of the Congress of wealthier citizens, consists of well built Vienna, obtained an accession of fifteen houses and handsome hotels; the lower town, the seat of trade and residence of the poorer classes, consists largely of houses remarkable for their height, and lining narrow, irregular, dark, and ill. cleaned streets; but great improvements have recently been carried out. The more important public buildings are the cathedral or Church of St. Pierre, a Gothic structure of the 10th. 11th, and 12th centuries, occupying the highest site in the town, and by its three towers forming the most conspicuous object within it, somewhat defaced externally by a very inYork, on Seneca Lake, in the congruous Greek peristyle; the town-house heart of the Finger Lakes Region, on the in the Florentine style; the Musée Rath Lehigh Valley and New York Central railcontaining a collection of pictures and roads. Seat of Hobart College, for men; other works of art; the university build- William Smith College, for women; and ing, nearly opposite the botanic garden, a State experiment station. It is the rebuilt in 1867-71, and containing the center of the nursery business, also of the public library. founded by Bonivard, the optical business. Other products are prisoner of Chillon, in 1551, and now razors, stoves, radiators, boilers, etc. Pop. numbering 90.000 vols.; and the museum (1910) 12,446; (1920) 14,648. of natural history. The only important Geneva, (in. Lacus Lemanus). LAKE OF, or LAKE LE MAN manufactures of Geneva are those of communes, detached from France and Savoy, was admitted a member of the Swiss Confederation in 1814, and ranks as the twenty-second canton. Its constitution of 1848 is the most democratic in the federation. All religious denominations are declared to have perfect freedom, but two of them are paid by the state the Roman Catholics, amounting to rather more than a third of the population, and the Protestant National Church. Pop. 140,900. Geneva, a city of Ontario Co., New watches, musical boxes, and jewelry, for the largest of the Swiss lakes, extending all of which the town is justly famed. in the form of a crescent, with its horns Geneva has ample railway communica- pointing southward, between France on tion, and is one of the principal entrances the south, and the cantons of Geneva. Geneva Arbitration Vaud, and Valais: length, measured on its north shore, 55 miles, and on its south shore, 40 miles; central breadth, about 6 miles; area, 331 sq. miles; greatest depth, 900 feet. It is 1150 feet above the sea. Genipap to escape, and she lived six years in a cavern upon nothing but herbs. She was finally found, and carried home by her husband, who in the meantime had become convinced of her innocence. On the north the shore is low, and the Genghis Khan, or JENGHIS KHAN ground behind ascends gradually in beau(jen'gis), a Montiful slopes. On the south, and particu- gol conqueror, born about 1160; died 1227. larly at the east end, the shore is rocky His father was chief over thirty or forty and abrupt, and lofty precipices often clans, but paid tribute to the Tartar rise sheer from the water's edge. It con- khan. He succeeded his father when tains various species of fish, and its water only fourteen years of age, and made himis remarkably pure and of a beautiful self master of the neighboring tribes. A blue color. The Rhône, which enters great number of tribes now combined its eastern extremity a muddy turbid their forces against him, but he found a stream, issues from its western extrem- powerful protector in the great Khan of ity perfectly pellucid, and likewise of the finest blue. Geneva Arbitration. See Alabama (The). Geneva Bible, a copy of the Bible the Karaite Mongols, Oung, or Ung, who gave him his daughter in marriage. After much internecine warfare with various Tartar tribes and many victories Genghis was proclaimed Khan of the United Monin English, printed at gol and Tartar tribes. He now professed Geneva; first in 1560. This copy was in to have a divine call to conquer the world, common use in England till the version and the idea so animated the spirit of made by the order of James I was intro- his soldiers that they were easily led on duced, and it was laid aside by the Cal- to new wars. The country of the Uigurs, vinists with reluctance. It was the first in the center of Tartary, had long excited which divided the text into verses and his ambition. This nation was easily subthe first to omit the apocrypha. From dued, and Genghis Khan was now master its stating (Gen., iii, 7) that our first of the greatest part of Tartary. Leading parents made themselves breeches,' it is his tribes to conquest in 1209, he passed sometimes known as the Breeches' Bible. the great wall of China, the conquest of Geneva Convention, an arded at years. The capital, then called Yenking, agreement China occupying him more than six an international conference held in Ge- now Peking, was taken by storm in 1215 neva in 1864, for the succor of the sick and plundered. The murder of the amand wounded in time of actual warfare. bassadors whom Genghis Khan had sent The neutrality of hospitals, ambulances, to the King of Kharism (now Khiva) led and the persons attending on them was to his invasion of Turkestan in 1218 with provided for; and the use of the red cross an army of 700,000 men and the two on a white ground as a sign of neutrality cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were has received the adhesion of all civilized stormed, pillaged, and burned. Seven powers. Those wearing it are known as years in succession was the conqueror the Red Cross Society (q. v.). busy in the work of destruction, pillage, Geneviève (jen'e-věv, Fr. zhen-vi-av), and subjugation, and extended his ravages the name of two female to the banks of the Dnieper in Europe. saints.-1. St. Geneviève, the patron saint In 1225, though more than sixty years of Paris; born at Nanterre, about 5 miles old, he marched in person at the head from Paris, in the year 423; died at Paris of his whole army against the king of about the beginning of the 6th century. Tangut (Southwestern China), who had She devoted herself while yet a child to given shelter to two of his enemies, and the conventual life. Her prayers and had refused to give them up. A great fastings are credited with having saved battle was fought, in which the King of Paris from the threatened destruction by Tangut was totally defeated with the loss Attila in 451. Many legends are told re- of 300.000 men. The victor remained specting her, and several churches have some time in his newly subdued provinces, been dedicated to her. Her festival is from which he also sent two of his sons held on the 3d January.-2. St. Gene- to complete the conquest of Northern viève, by birth Duchess of Brabant, wife China. At his death his immense dominof Siegfried, count palatine in the reign ions were divided among his four sons. of Charles Martel (about 750). Accord Genii (jë'ni-i). See Genius. ing to the legend, which is the subject of several tales and dramas, she was accused Genipap (in'i-pap: Genipapo, the of adultery during her husband's absence Guiana name). the fruit and condemned to death; but was allowed of a South American and West Indian Genista tree, the Genipa Americana, nat. order Rubiaceæ. It is about the size of an orange, and of a pleasant vinous flavor. Genista (jin-is'ta), a genus of leguminous plants, comprising about 100 species, one of which is the Planta genista, the Plante genêt, from which the Plantagenets took their name. The Genista tinctoria, or dyer's broom, so called, as it was formerly much employed by dyers, who obtained a good fixed yellow or orange color from it, is frequent in England and the lowlands of Scotland. grammar the corresponding case is the Genoa Genoa wards known by the name of Pamela, who married Lord Edward Fitzgerald. At this time she published several works on education, etc. On the breaking out of the Revolution she retired for a while to Switzerland, and then to Altona. In 1800 she returned to France, gained the favor of Napoleon, who gave her a pension. From that time she resided constantly in Paris. Her works, which embrace a wide variety of subjects, amount altogether to about ninety volumes, and include some of the standard novels in the French language. Her voluminous Genitive Case (jen'i-tiv), in gram- Mémoires, written when she was upmar, a case in the wards of eighty years of age, abound in declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, scandal, and are full of malignant atparticiples, etc., expressing source, origin, tacks upon her contemporaries. possession, and the like. In English Gennesaret (jen-es'a-ret), SEA OF. See Galilee (Sea of). (jen'o-a; Ital. Genova,La superba'), a seaport of N. Italy, the chief commercial city of the kingdom, on the coast of the Mediterranean, at the head of the gulf of the same name, 75 miles S. E. of Turin. It is beautifully situated at the foot and on the slope of the Ligurian Alps, the lower hills of which form a background to the city. It is enclosed by extensive fortifications, and the heights around are crowned with detached forts. It has a most imposing effect when approached either by land or sea. In the older parts of the town the streets are extremely narrow, with lofty buildings on either side. In the newer quarters many of them are spacious, and are lined with palaces and other noble edifices. Some of the palaces are filled with works of art by the greatest masters. The principal are the Ducal palace (now containing the law courts and various public offices), the Palazzo del Municipio or town-hall, the Palazzo Brignole or Rosso (with the largest picture gallery in Genoa), the Palazzo Pallavicini, the Palazzo Reale, built in the sixteenth century for the Durazzo family, was purchased in 1815 by the royal family, and the palaces of Doria, Serra, Cambasio, Balbi, and Durazzo. The most remarkable of the churches is the Duomo, or Cathedral of St. Lorenzo, founded in the eleventh century, but not completed till the beginning of the twelfth; S. Maria in Carignano, built in imitation of the original plan of St. Peter's at Rome; S. Stefano, a Gothic church, the oldest parts of which date from the end of the twelfth century; S. Ambrogio, containing two paintings by Rubens and the Assumption of Guido Reni. The principal charitable institution is the Albergo de' Poveri, in which 1600 individuals, orphans and old people, The term genii (with the singular genie) is also used as equivalent to the jinn (singular jinnce) of Arabic tales. These are supposed to be a class of intermediate beings between angels and men. See Jinn. Genlis (zán-les), STÉPHANIE FÉLICITÉ DUCREST DE ST. AUBIN, COUNTESS DE, a French authoress. born near Autun 1746; died at Paris 1830. At four years of age she was admitted as a canoness into the noble chapter at Aix, and at seventeen married the Count de Genlis. By this marriage she became niece to Madame de Montesson (who had been privately married to the Duc d'Orleans), and obtained through her the place of lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Chartres. In 1782 the Duc de Chartres (Philippe Egalité) appointed her governess of his children. She obtained great influence over her employer, and was the object of no little scandal in her relations with him, which was strengthened by the mysterious appearance of an adopted daughter, after Genoa Genoa find shelter. Others are the Ospedale del its manufactures, etc. Many emigrants Pammatone founded in 1430; and a hos- embark here. Imports cotton, wool, pital recently built by the Galliera fam- wheat, sugar, coffee, coal, hides, iron, etc. ily. Among the theaters of the city may Under the Romans Genoa was famous be mentioned the Teatro Carlo Felice, as a seaport. After the breaking up of an elegant structure, with a splendidly the empire of Charlemagne, it constituted fitted up interior. Besides the univer- itself a republic, presided over by doges. sity, founded in 1775, the chief educa- From 1119 it was almost constantly at tional institutions are the theological war with Pisa down to 1284, when Genoa seminary, the school of fine arts, the inflicted a crushing defeat on Pisa. The royal marine school, and the navigation Genoese obtained the supremacy over school. The building of the Bank of St. Corsica, and nominally over Sardinia, George, one of the most ancient banks possessed settlements in the Levant, on of circulation and deposit in Europe, is the shores of the Black Sea, on the now used as a custom-house. In one of Spanish and Barbary coasts, and had a the open spaces there is a fine marble very flourishing commerce. The rivalry statue of Columbus, with accompanying between Genoa and Venice was a fruitful allegorical figures. The Campo Santo, or source of wars during the 12th-14th cen To turies. Meanwhile the city was internally convulsed by civil discord and party spirit. The hostility of the democrats and aristocrats, and the different parties among the latter, occasioned continual disorder. From the contests of noble rivals, in which the names of Doria, Spinola, Grimaldi, and Fieschi are prominent. Genoa was drawn into the Guelph and Ghibelline contest. In the absence of internal tranquillity the city sometimes submitted to a foreign yoke in order to get rid of anarchy. In the midst of this confusion St. George's Bank was founded. It owed its origin to the loans furnished by the wealthy citizens to the state, and was conscientiously supported by the alternately dominant parties. In 1528 the disturbed state regained tranquillity and order, which lasted till the end of the eighteenth century. The form of government established was a strict aristocracy. The nobility were divided into two classes-the old and new. the old belonged, besides the families of Grimaldi, Fieschi, Doria, Spinola, twenty-four others, who stood nearest them in age, wealth, and consequence. The new nobility comprised 437 families. By little and little Genoa lost all her foreign possessions. Corsica, the last of all, cemetery, about 21⁄2 miles from the city, revolted in 1730, and was ceded in 1768 is one of the most beautiful burial to France. After the battle of Marengo grounds in Europe. It contains fine (1800) Genoa was taken possession of mortuary buildings and much statuary in by the French. In 1805 it was formally white marble. The manufactures of annexed to the Empire of France, in Genoa include cotton and silk goods, gold, 1815 to the Kingdom of Sardinia, with silver, paper and leather goods, sugar, which it has become a portion of the which is of a semicircular form and Genoa, of the Mediterranean, in North and preserved fruits. The old harbor, Kingdom of Italy. Pop. (1911) 272,22 GULF OF, a large indentation about 4 mile in diameter, is formed by two moles projecting into the sea from Italy, at the head of which lies the city opposite sides; there are now also two and port of Genoa. No precise points outer or additional harbors formed by can be named as marking its entrance; moles recently constructed. The princi- but it may, perhaps, be generally said to pal articles of export are cereals, oils, comprise the entire space north of lat. fruit, cheese, rags, the products of 43° 40' N. Strada Balbi, Genoa. Genre-painting Gentz Genre-painting (zhän-r), that de- and Bavaria a liqueur called Enzian geist or gentian-spirit' is made from it. Many of the blue-flowered species, as G. acaulis, G. nivālis, and G. verna, are among the most conspicuous and ornamental of European Alpine plants. America has several attractive species. Gentianacea (jen-shan-a'se-e), the gentians, an order of monopetalous exogens, consisting mostly of annual or perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite often connate entire leaves, and yellow, red, blue, or white flowers, which are borne in dichotomous or trichotomous cymes or in globose terminal heads. partment of painting in which are depicted scenes of everyday life, in opposition, for instance, to historical painting, in which historic personages are exhibited, or to landscape. Gens (jens), in Roman history, a clan or stock embracing several families united together by a common name and certain religious rites; as, the Fabian gens, all having Fabius as part of their personal name; the Julian gens, all named Julius; the Cornelian gens, etc. Gens D'Armes. See Gendarmes. Genseric (jen'sér-ik), a king of the All are characterized by their bitter prinVandals, who, having ob- ciple. The order contains about 520 spetained joint possession of the throne of cies, which are widely dispersed throughSpain with his brother Gonderic, crossed out the world, occurring most plentifully the Straits of Gibraltar with 50,000 men, in temperate mountainous regions. Some A.D. 429, on the invitation of Bonifacius, very handsome species are tropical, while the Roman governor of Africa, to assist a few occur in Arctic latitudes. him against the Moors. He, however, Gentile (jen'til), in Scripture, any soon declared his independence, and, having completely defeated Bonifacius, founded a kingdom, which, in 439, had its seat at Carthage. He collected a powerful fleet, ravaged the coasts of Sicily and Italy, and in 455 took and sacked Rome. Two unsuccessful attempts were made by the Eastern and Western emperors to overthrow his power, but Genseric secured all his conquests, and, notwithstanding all his cruelties, was permitted to die ir peace A.D. 477. Gentian (jen'shan), the name given Gentleman (jen'tl-man), in English to the members of the genus law, every man above Gentiana (order Gentianaceae), a large the rank of yeomen, including noblemen; genus of bitter herbaceous plants, hav- in a more limited sense, a man who ing opposite, often strongly ribbed, without a title bears a coat of arms, or leaves, and blue, yellow, or red, often one who is a gentleman by reputation,' showy flowers. The calyx consists of through belonging to some liberal profour or five valvate fession or holding some office giving him segments, and the this rank. In the United States it propcorolla is four or erly indicates a man of gentle or refined five parted; the fruit manners, but has lost this sense in its is a two-valved, one- very general application. celled, many-sided Gentlemen-at-Arms, a body of capsule. They are one belonging to the nonJewish nations and not a Christian; a heathen. The Hebrews included in the term goim, or nations, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated Goim by the L. gentes, nations, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were not Jews or Christians. In civil affairs the denomination was given to all nations who were not Romans. forty gen for the most part tlemen, headed by a captain, lieutenant, natives of hilly or and standard-bearer, whose duties are to mountainous dis- form a bodyguard to the British sovertricts in the north- eign on state occasions. The corps was ern hemisphere. The established by Henry VIII in 1509, most important spe- under the name of the Band of Gentlemen cies is Gentiana Pensioners. Appointments to the corps lutea, a native of are made by the sovereign, from a special Switzerland and the list of retired officers kept by the commountainous parts mander-in-chief. of Germany. The root has a yellowish brown color and a very bitter taste, Gentoo (jen-tö'), a term applied by old writers to a native of and is imported into the United States Hindustan, or to the language. in considerable quantities, where it is Gentz (gents), FRIEDRICH VON, used medicinally, and also as an ingreGerman diplomatist and pub a dient of cattle foods. In Switzerland licist, born 1764; died 1832. He was |