Henry Hepar Sulphuris MATTHEW, a celebrated Eng- In 1188 he was once more compelled to 1190, at the close of a year's fighting, that Henry, lish divine, was born in 100g; leave the country, and it died in 1714. Henry, O.. pen-name of the American a reconciliation was finally effected. short-story writer, William Henry died at Brunswick in 1195. He was much in advance of his age in fosthe arts. Studley, Virginia, in 1736; tering industry, science, commerce and Sydney Porter (q. v.). Henry, PATRICK, orator, was born at died in 1799. Indolent in disposition, he Henry the Navigator (Don Hen tried several occupations unsuccessfully rique el during youth, finally studying law and Navegador), fourth son of King John I winning sudden distinction, in 1763, by of Portugal, born in 1394. In his youth his telling speech in a case against the he gave brilliant proofs of courage. When clergy. His powers as an orator have never been surpassed. A remarkable speech made by him in 1765 in the House of Burgesses in Virginia led to active resistance to the Stamp Act, and its enforcement became impracticable. He was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, and in 1775 made his most famous speech before the Virginia Convention at Richmond. He was governor of Virginia 1776-79 and 1784-85, and in 1788 vigorously opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitution. He is looked upon as the most eloquent of Americans. the Portuguese conquered Ceuta in 1415 Henry distinguished himself by his bravery, and was knighted by his father, after whose death he chose for his residence the city of Sagres, in Algarve, near Cape St. Vincent, and vigorously prosecuted the war against the Moors in Africa. He erected at Sagres an observatory and a school of navigation. From time to time he sent vessels on voyages to the coasts of Barbary and Guinea; resulting in the discovery of the islands of Puerto Santo and Madeira, and some years later of the Azores. In 1433 Gilianez, one of his nav igators, safely doubled Cape Bojador, and ONY, the most other adventurers, pushing still further south, discovered Cape Blanco in 1441 and Cape Verd in 1445. A profitable commerce with the natives of West Africa was soon developed, and the Senegal and Gambia were partially explored. After acting as general against the Moors in 1458 Henry died at Sagres on the 13th of November, 1458. His efforts not only laid the foundations of the commerce and colonial possessions of Portugal, but gave a new direction to navigation and commercial enterprise. Henry the Lion, DUKE OF SAXremarkable prince of Germany in the twelfth century, was born in 1129. He succeeded his father, Henry the Proud, in 1139, assuming the government of Saxony himself in 1146. At the diet of princes in Frankfort (1147) he demanded restitution of Bavaria, taken from his father by Conrad VII; but was worsted in the war which followed. It was restored to him, however, in 1154, after the death of Conrad, by the Emperor Frederick, Henry's cousin. His possessions then extended from the Baltic and the North Sea to the Henryetta Chen-ri-et'a), a city of Adriatic, and he was successful in opposOkmulgee Co., Oklahoma, ing the league formed against him at 40 miles s. w. of Muskogee, on three railMerseburg in 1166. About two years roads, in a coal, zinc, natural gas and afterwards he separated from his wife and petroleum region. It has oil refineries, married Matilda, Caughter of Henry II of zine smelters, oil mills, glass and brick England. He then went on an expedition works, carbon and gasoline plants, etc. to the Holy Land, and during his absence Pop. (1920) 5889; with environs 30,000. his enemies, and even the emperor, made Henryson Chen'ri-sun), ROBERT, a encroachments on his dominions. In Scottish poet born about 1174 he followed Frederick I on his fifth 1425; died 1506. He wrote Testament of expedition to Italy, but left him at the Cresseid, a continuation of Chaucer's siege of Alessandria. He was then put Troilus and Cressida, also Robin and under the ban of the empire, and his do- Makyne, Esop's Fables in metre, etc. minions were given to other princes. Henty (hen'ti), GEORGE ALFRED, an English writer, born near Henry defended himself for a time successfully, but was at last obliged to take Cambridge in 1832; died in 1902. He refuge in England. In 1182 he asked pardon of the emperor on his knees, and Frederick promised him his hereditary possessions. Brunswick and Lüneburg, on condition of his undergoing exile for three served for a time as war correspondent for London papers, and afterwards wrote a number of novels and a large number (over seventy) of books of historical fiction for boys. years. He therefore again went to Eng Hepar Sulphuris land. but returned to Brunswick in 1184. (lit. 'liver of sulphur,' 80 Hepaticæ Heracles called from its brownish-green and liver- animals, the peacock, the goose, and the Heræa. The principals were those cele tion of some part of the liver. Hephæstion (he-fes'ti-on),, a no- Heracles (her'a ble Macedonian of Hephæstus (he-fes'tus), a god of klēs), Pella, the friend of Alexander the Great. called by the Romans He accompanied the king in his Asiatic Hercules, the most campaigns, and died at Ecbatana (B.C. celebrated hero or 325 or 324). Alexander had his body semi-divine personconveyed to Babylon, and erected a monu- age of Greek mytholment to him, costing 10,000 talents. ogy, was the son of Zeus (Jupiter) by the ancient Greeks, Alcmena, the wife of identified by the Romans with their Vul- Amphitryon. He was canus. He presided over fire, and was brought up at the patron of all artists who worked in Thebes, and before iron and metals. He fixed his residence he had completed his in Lemnos, where he built himself a eighth month stranpalace, and raised forges to work metals. gled two snakes sent The Cyclopes of Sicily were his workmen by the jealous Hera and attendants; and with him they fabri- (Juno) to devour cated not only the thunderbolts of Zeus, him. In youth he but also arms for the gods and the most had several distincelebrated heroes. His forges were supposed to be under Mount Etna. Aphrodite (Venus) was the wife of Hephæstus. taur Cheiron. Early in life he had, at the Heppenheim (hep'en-him), an in- command of Zeus, to subject himself for teresting old walled twelve years to the will of Eurystheus, town of Germany in Hesse-Darmstadt, 16 on the understanding that after he had miles south of Darmstadt. Pop. 6364. acquitted himself of this duty he should Heptarchy (hep'tar-ki), the sev- be reckoned in the number of the gods. en principal kingdoms He therefore went to Mycenae, and perinto which England was divided in AngloSaxon times. The kingdoms were founded at different times, and at no one time were they all independent monarchies together. In 827 King Egbert of Wessex united the other kingdoms into one, and assumed the title of king of England. See England. Heptateuch guished instructors, Hera.-Antique statue among them the Cen formed at the bidding of Eurystheus the tasks known as the twelve labors of Heracles. These were: (1) to kill a lion which ravaged the country near Mycenæ; (2) to destroy the Lernæan hydra; (3) to capture, alive and unhurt, a stag famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet; (4) to capture (hep'ta-tuk), a name alive a wild boar which ravaged the sometimes given to neighborhood of Erymanthus; (5) to the five books of Moses or Pentateuch, clean the stables of Augeas, where 3000 together with the books of Joshua and oxen had been confined for many years; Judges. (6) to kill the birds which ravaged the Hera (he'ra), an ancient Greek god- country near the lake Stymphalus, in Ardess, identified by the Romans cadia, and ate human flesh; (7) to bring with their Juno, the sister and wife of alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild Zeus (Jupiter), and daughter of Kronos bull, which laid waste the Island of (Saturn) and Rhea. The poets represent Crete; (8) to obtain the mares of DioZeus as an unfaithful husband, and Hera medes, which fed upon human flesh; (9) as an obstinate and jealous wife, the re- to obtain from the queen of the Amazons sult of which is frequent strife between a girdle which she had received from Ares them. She was worshipped in all Greece, (Mars); (10) to kill the monster Geryon, but her principal seats were at Argos king of Gades, and bring to Argos his and at Samos. The companions of Hera numerous flocks, which fed upon human were the Nymphs, Graces, and Hours. flesh; (11) to obtain apples from the garIris was her particular servant. Among den of the Hesperides; (12) the last and Heracleum Herald most dangerous of all to bring from the Sphondylium (common cow-parsnip or infernal regions the three-headed dog Cer- hog-weed) is very common in Britain in berus. Besides these labors, he also damp meadow ground and pastures. H. achieved of his own accord others equally giganteum (the Siberian cow-parsnip) is celebrated. Thus, he assisted the gods in often grown in shrubberies, reaching the their wars against the giants, and it was height of 10 feet. through him alone that Zeus obtained the Heraclidæ victory. Having attempted to plunder de (her-a-kli'de), the scendants of Heracles, the temple at Delphi, he became engaged but more particularly those who, assisted in conflict with Apollo, and was punished by the Dorians, successfully asserted by by being sold to Omphale, queen of Lydia, arms their claim to the Peloponnesus, as a slave, who restored him to liberty whence their ancestors had been driven and married him. Having later returned by usurpers. See Greece (History). to Greece, he became the husband of De- Heraclitus (her-a-kli'tus), a Greek philosopher, born at Ephesus, who flourished about 513 B. C. He traveled in different countries, particularly in Africa. On his return to Ephesus he was offered the chief magistracy, but refused it. He is said to have latterly repaired to solitary mountains to live on roots and herbs; but, being attacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to return to the city, where he died soon afterwards, it is said in his sixtieth year. He left a work on Nature, in which he treats also of religion and politics. Some fragments only of this work remain. He is considered as belonging generally to the Ionic school of philosophers, though he differed from it in important particulars. He considered fire as the first principle of Hercules slaying the Hydra. From sculpture all things, describing it as an ethereal at Florence. janira, who unwittingly brought about his death by giving him a tunic poisoned with the blood of the Centaur Nessus, which she innocently believed would retain for her Heracles' love. The poison took effect whenever the garment was put on, and as the distemper was incurable, Heracles placed himself on a burning pile ou the top of Mount Eta, was received up into heaven, and being there reconciled to Hera, received her daughter Hebe in marriage. In ancient works of art Heracles is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion. and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. The principal ancient statue of him which remains is the Farnese Hercules at Rome, a work of the Athenian Glycon. The myth of Heracles is believed by many writers to represent the course of the sun through the twelve signs of the zodiac. His marriage with Hebe was explained even by the ancients as symbolic of the renewing of the sun's course after its completion. Heracleum (her-a-klē'um), a genus of large umbelliferous herbs, the cow-parsnips, of which H. substance, self-kindled and self-extin- functions originally were to carry messages of courtesy or defiance between sovereigns or persons of knightly rank, to superintend and register the results of trial by battle. tournaments, and Herald-crab Heraldry other chivalric exercises, to record the the reigns of Henry III, Edward I, and valiant deeds of combatants, proclaim Edward II. The use of arms on the war or peace, marshal processions and Great Seal of England was introduced by public ceremonials, and especially, in Richard I. The bearing of coat-armor later times, to regulate and determine all by private persons was prohibited by matters connected with the use of armo- proclamation in the reign of Henry V. rial bearings. Heralds began to appear The chief courts of jurisdiction in quesabout the twelfth century, and assumed tions of heraldry are the Heralds' College the functions which ultimately belonged in England, and the Lyon Court in Scotto their office gradually. The herald, land. (See Herald.) The rules of herafter the office was fully constituted, was aldry now practised at the Heralds' Colcreated with many ceremonies, and had to lege are comparatively modern, and difpass through various grades of protracted fer in some respects from those of other service before reaching the full dignity of European courts. A coat of arms cona herald. The office is now shorn of much sists of the figure of a shield marked and of its importance. Heralds are appointed colored in a vast variety of ways, so as in England by the earl marshal, whose to be distinctive of an individual, a famoffice is hereditary. The Heralds' Col- ily, or a community. The shield or lege, or College of Arms, founded by escutcheon represents the original shield charter of Richard III in 1483, consists used in war, and on which arms were of the three chief heralds (see Garter anciently borne. The surface of the esKing-of-Arms), the six subordinate or cutcheon is termed the field, and the sevprovincial heralds of York, Lancaster, eral parts or points of it have particular Chester, Windsor, Richmond, and Som- names, so that the figures which the field erset; two heralds appointed on the ac- contains may be precisely located. Color cession of George I, called Hanover is given in the coat of arms by means herald and Gloucester king-of-arms, to- of tinctures, two of which are metals-or gether with the earl marshal and secre- and argent, that is, gold and silver-the tary, in all thirteen persons. There are rest colors proper. These colors are, in four marshals or pursuivants, called blue- heraldic terminology: azure, blue; gules, mantle, rouge-croix, rouge-dragon, and red; sable, black; vert, green; purpure, portcullis, who usually succeed to va- purple; tenney, orange; sanguine, bloodcancies in the Heralds' College. Among color. The last two are comparatively the duties of the Heralds' College are the uncommon. An object represented in its recording of pedigrees and the granting natural colors is said to be proper. When of coats of arms to persons who wish to not given in colors or by actual gilding assume them. The Heralds' College, or the tinctures are represented by points Lyon Court, in Scotland, consists of and lines in black and white. Or is disLyon king-of-arms, and six heralds, with tinguished by small dots covering the six pursuivants. part; argent is represented by leaving the a species of crab space blank; azure is shown by hori Heraldry (herald-ri), the Herald-crab, uenia heraldica), zontal lines; gules, by perpendicular the carapace of which presents a fanci- lines; sable, by perpendicular and horiful resemblance to the shield and mantle zontal lines crossing each other; vert, by figured by heraldic painters in depicting diagonal lines running from the dexter coat-armor. chief to the sinister base; purpure, by whole diagonal lines running from the sinister science of a herald's chief to the dexter base. Another class duties, or more commonly the knowledge of tinctures are the furs, of which the of the forms, terms, and laws which per- two principal are ermine and vair, and tain to the use of armorial bearings or which have also their special method of coats of arms. Badges and emblems on representation. The figures borne on the shields, helms, banners, etc., naturally shield may be either purely artificial and occurred in the earliest times, and the conventional, or may represent real obsymbols were sometimes hereditary. The jects, animals, plants, etc. Of the former origin of heraldic arms, properly so the most common are known as ordicalled, is, however, to be attributed to naries, and have the following names: the necessity which arose during the Cru- Chief, Pale, Bend, Fesse, Bar, Chevron, sades of distinguishing the leaders of the Cross, and Saltire. The chief is a pornumerous and motley bands of warriors tion of the shield at the top marked off which constituted the Christian armies. by a horizontal line, and covers the upper One of the oldest specimens of heraldic third part of the field. The pale occupies bearings extant is the shield at Mans of the middle third part of the field perGeoffrey Plantagenet, who died in 1150. pendicularly. The bend is drawn diagRolls of arms in England are extant from onally from the dexter chief to the sinis. |