Hordeolum ture, and having large coal-mines. Hor'deum See Barley. Horn Pop. Horn (horn), a general term applied to all hard and pointed appendages of the head, as in deer, cattle, etc., but as a term denoting a particular kind of substance nothing should be called horn which is not derived from the epidermis or outer layer of the integument, whether on the trunk, hoofs, or head. Horn is a tough, flexible, semitransparent substance, most liberally developed in the horns of bovine animals, but also found in connection with the shell' of the tor Horeb (ho'reb; Arabic, Jebel Musa, Mountain of Moses), a mountain belonging to the same ridge as Mount Sinai, where is still pointed out the rock from which water issued at the blow of Moses. Horehound (hör-hound; Marrubium toise, the nails, claws and hoofs of anivulgare), a labiate plant, mals, the beaks of bird and turtle, etc. with whitish, downy leaves and stem; Horn is softened very completely by heat, flowers, small, nearly so as to become readily flexible, and to white, in crowded whorls, adhere to other pieces similarly softened. possessing an aromatic True horn consists principally of an albusmell and bitter flavor. minoid principle, keratin, with a small It is a popular remedy portion of gelatine and a little phosphate for coughs and colds, of lime. In some species of animals the usually as an infusion. males only have horns, as for instance It is a native of Europe. the stag. In cattle both male and female Black horehound (Bal have horns, though there are also hornless lota nigra), also a labiate cattle. Horns differ widely in the case of plant, is a malodorous different animals. Thus the horns of deer and unattractive weed. consist of bone, and are deciduous; those Horehound is domesti- of the giraffe are independent bones, with cated in the United a covering of hairy skin; those of oxen, States. sheep, and antelopes consist of a bony core covered by a horny sheath. The horns of the rhinoceros alone consist exclusively of horny matter. The horns of oxen, sheep, goats and antelopes are never shed, except in the case of the Horehound (M. vulgare). Horgen (hōr'gen), a town of Swit zerland, on the lake of Zürich, with some manufactures and a harbor with a considerable trade. Pop. 6914. Horizon (ho-ri'zon), in ordinary speech the line where earth and sky seem to meet, or the circle which bounds that part of the earth's surface visible to a spectator from a given point. This is termed the sensible, visible or apparent horizon, as distinguished from the rational or celestial horizon, an imaginary great circle, parallel to the sensible horizon, whose plane passes through the earth's center, whose poles are the zenith and the nadir, and which divides the sphere into two equal hemispheres. In observations with the sextant at sea, when the real horizon is invisible a small basin containing mercury may serve as an artificial horizon. The observation that is then made is the angle between the sun or star and the image of the sun or star in the basin of mercury, and it is easily seen that half this angle is the altitude of the object above the real horizon. In geology, the term is applied to any well-marked formation which suffices as a starting-point from which to study the rest. Horizon, DIP OF. See Dip. prong-horned antelope. The number never normally exceeds four, and in the case of deer the horns are branched. The various kinds of horns are employed for many purposes. The principal used in the arts are those of the ox, buffalo, sheep and goat. Deer horns are almost exclusively employed for the handles of knives and of sticks and umbrellas. Those which furnish true horn can be softened by heat (usually in boiling water), cut into sheets of various thickness, which sheets may be soldered or welded together at the edges so as to form plates of large dimensions, and polished and dyed so as to imitate the much more expensive tortoise shell. The clippings of horn may be welded together in the same manner, and made into snuffboxes, powder horns, handles for umbrellas, knives, forks, etc. As horn has the valuable property of taking on and retaining a sharp impression from a die, many highly ornamental articles may be turned out. Combs for the hair are made from the flattened sheets, and out of the solid parts of buffalo horns beautiful carvings are made. a musical instrument, origin Horizontal Parallax. See Paral- Horn, ally formed, as the name de lax. Horn САРЕ. See Cape Horn. Hornblende notes, from the horn of an animal. The Hornbills (horn'bilz), a remarkable name includes a large family of wind-ingroup of birds (Bucerotistruments, many of which have fallen into de), confined to Southern Asia and Afridisuse. The French horn, or simply the ca, akin to the kingfishers and the touhorn, consists of a metallic tube of about cans, remarkable for the very large size 10 feet in length, very narrow at top, bent of the bill, and for an extraordinary horny into rings, and gradually widening to- protuberance by which it is surmounted, wards the end whence the sound issues, nearly as large as the bill itself, and called the bell. It is blown through a of cellular structure within. The rhicup-shaped mouthpiece of brass or silver, noceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) and the sounds are regulated by the is almost the size of a turkey, of a black player's lips, the pressure of his breath, color, except on the lower part of the belly and by the insertion of the hand in the and tip of the tail, which are white. It bell of the instrument. As a simple tube, unprovided with holes, the horn yields only the generating note, and of course would be confined to one key; but by means of crooks the tube can be lengthened, and transposed into any key. By inserting the hand into the bell, which flattens a note, the intermediate notes are produced. The compass of the instrument is three octaves. Music for the horn is always written in the key of C, an octave higher than it is played, with the key of the composition marked at the beginning of each movement: thus corni (or horns) in D' directs the performer which crook he must use to play the notes in the key indicated. The bugle, cornet-a-piston and saxhorn are allied instruments. Horn, Horn, HOORNE, or HORNES, PHILIP, COUNT VAN, a Flemish soldier and statesman, born 1518. He was the son of Joseph de Montmorency-Nivelle, and of Anne of Egmont, and stepson of John, count van Horn, who constituted him and his brother his heirs on the condition of assuming his name. Philip gradually rose to be governor of Gueldres and Zütphen, admiral of the fleet, and councilor of state. He fought at St. Quentin in 1557, and at Gravelines in 1558, and Hornblende (hornblend), or AMin 1559 accompanied Philip to Spain. PHIBOLE, one of the On his return he joined the Prince of most abundant and widely diffused of Orange and Egmont in resistance to minerals, remarkable on account of the Philip. On the arrival of Alva at Brus- various forms and compositions of its sels he was arrested in September, 1567, crystals and crystalline particles, and of on a charge of high treason, and he and its exceedingly diversified colors, thus givEgmont were beheaded in June, 1568. ing rise to almost numberless varieties, Hornbeam (horn'bēm; Carpinus Be- many of which have obtained distinct aptulus, nat. order Cupuli- pellations. It is sometimes in regular feræ), a small bushy tree common in distinct crystals, more generally the reBritain, and often used in hedges, as it sult of confused crystallization, appearing stands cutting and in age becomes very in masses composed of laminæ, acicular stiff. The wood is white, tough, and crystals, or fibres, variously aggregated. hard, and is used in turnery, for cogs of It enters largely into the composition wheels, etc. The inner bark yields a and forms a constituent part of several yellow dye The American hornbeam of the trap-rocks, and is an important (Carpinus americana) is a smaii tree constituent of several species of metamorSparingly diffused over the whole of the phic rocks, as gneiss and granite. United States. The wood is fine grained, color hornblende exhibits various shades tenacious, and very compact. of green, often inclining to brown, white Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) has a sharp-pointed, slightly-curved bill, about 10 inches long. and furnished at the base of the upper mandible with an immense appendage in the form of an inverted horn. The skeleton though bulky is very light, being permeated with air to an unusual degree. During incubation the female is plastered up in the hollow of a tree and fed by the male through a small aperture left for the purpose. The hornbills are of arboreal habit, and feed on fruits; but in captivity they take small reptiles, and the Abyssinian species even attacks snakes. In Hornbook Hornwork and black with every intermediate shade; of owls having two tufts of feathers on it is nearly transparent in some vari- the head, supposed to resemble horns. eties, in others opaque; hardness about See Owls. the same with felspar; specific gravity, Horned Pout. See Catfish. 3.00. Its chief constituents are silica, magnesia and alumina. The principal Horned Screamer (Palamedea corvarieties are hornblende proper, divided nuta), a South into three subvarieties, basaltic horn- American grallatorial bird having a long, blende, common hornblende and horn- slender, movable horn projecting from its blende slate; tremolite, actinolite, neph- forehead. Its voice is loud and shrill, rite, pargasite and asbestos. and is uttered suddenly and with such Hornbook (horn'buk), in former vehemence as to have a very startling times the first book of effect. children, or that in which they learned Horned Toad, their letters; so called from the trans in the form of a cross; a name given to a genus of lizards parent horn covering placed (Phrynosoma), of toad-like appearance, over the single page of found in the United States. which it usually consisted, Hornell (hor-nel'), a city of Steuben the whole being fixed to a Co., New York, on Canistea wooden frame with a han- River, 56 miles s. of Rochester, on the dle. It generally contained Erie and the Pittsburgh, Shawmut & the alphabet in Roman and Northern railroads. It has car shops, small letters, several rows iron foundry, and manufactures of silk, of monosyllables, and the gloves, interior woodwork, furniture, elecLord's Prayer. The alpha- trical machinery, etc. Pop. (1910) bet was usually prefaced 13,617; (1920) 15,025. Hornbook. With a cross, or was printed Horner (hor'ner), FRANCIS, politician and economist, born at Edinburgh in 1778; died at Pisa in 1817. He studied for the Scottish bar, but, exchanging it for the English bar, took up his residence in London in 1803. He had his friends Jeffrey and early, with Brougham, declared his preference for Whig principles, and in 1806, when Mr. Fox came into office, obtained through ministerial influence a seat in Parliament. He became an authority on financial and economic matters; was chairman of the Bullion Committee of 1810, and mainly the means of checking the evils of an inconvertible paper currency. He was one of the originators of the Edinburgh Review, for which he wrote many articles. hence the term Christ-cross row, corrupted into criss-cross row, applied to the alphabet, and by extension to the hornbook. was Horncastle (horn'kas-tl), a town of touch with his literary work. Of his many writings, the best known are Orion, Cosmo de Medici, The Death of Marlowe and Prometheus. ance. Horned Horse, the gnu (which Hornstone. Horned Owl, see). a familiar name ap Hornwork, plied to several species See Quartz, Chert. in fortification, a work ། Horology thrown out beyond the glacis for the purpose of either occupying rising ground, barring a defile, covering a bridge-head, or protecting buildings. (hor-ol'ō-ji). See Clock Horology (hor-ol'o-ji). and Watch. Horse and character with the climate and nature of the district it inhabits. Arabia produces perhaps the most beautiful breed. which is also swift, courageous, endurant and persevering. As bred in modern times the horse has attained high perfecTwo breeds-namely, the large, Horoscope (hor'u-skop), in astrol- tion. ogy, a scheme or figure powerful, black breed of Flanders, and of the twelve houses, or twelve signs of the Arabian-have contributed more than the zodiac, in which is marked the dis- all others to develop the present varieposition of the heavens at a given time and place, and by which astrologers formerly told the fortunes of persons, according to the position of the stars at the time of their birth. To each of the houses was assigned a particular virtue or influence. The ascendant was that part of the heavens which was rising in the east at the moment; this was the first and most important house, or house of life, and contained the five degrees above the horizon and the twenty-five beneath it. Other houses were those of riches, marriage, death, etc. Horsa. See Hengist. the k m w HORSE TERMS APPLIED TO DIFFERENT PARTS. , Hoof. w, Point of hock. z, Hamstring. Horse (Equus caballus), a well-known quadruped belonging to family Equidæ, order Ungulata (hoofed animals), and subdivision Perissodactyla (odd-toed); characterized by an undivided hoof formed by the third toe a, Muzzle. b, Gullet. c, Crest. d, Withers. and its enlarged horny nail, a simple e, Chest. f, Loins. 99, Girth. h, Hip or ilium. stomach, a mane on the neck, and by i, Croup. k, Haunch or quarters. 1, Thigh. n, Shank or cannon. o, Fetlock. six incisor teeth in each jaw, seven molars m, Hock. P, Pastern. on either side of both jaws, and by two Elbow. 9. Shoulder-bone or scapula. 8, Fore thigh or arm. t, Knee. u, Corosmall canine teeth in the upper jaw of the net. male, rarely in the female. The family zz, Height. includes also the asses and zebras, and original types appear to have been at one time common in both the Old World and the American continent. No horses existed in America when it was discovered by Columbus, those now found in a wild state there being descendants of those introduced by the Spaniards. But a number of fossil species have been described from America-one of them standing only two and a half feet in height. The descent of the present horse can be traced through several fossil forms back to an animal only about the size of a fox, and having four separate digits or toes on the feet. Subsequent forms show how the third toe developed at the expense of the others till eventually a form identica! with the common horse appeared. It is doubtful whether the horse is now anywhere to be found in its native state, the wild horses of the steppes of Tartary and other regions of the Old World being possibly descendants of animals escaped from domestication. The horse was probably first domesticated in Asia, and it varies much in form, size, ties from the original, comparatively light-limbed, wiry race. The former laid the foundation of size, strength and vigor for draught horses and for those anciently used in war, while the latter conferred speed and endurance. The ladies' palfrey is largely derived from the Spanish genet, a small, beautiful, fleet variety of the Moorish barb. The hunter, characterized by speed, strength and endurance, represents the old English, Flanders and Arabian breeds. The race horse has less of Flemish and more of Arabian blood. Horses are said to have blood' or 'breeding' in proportion as they have a greater or less strain of Arab blood. At the age of two years the horse is in a condition to propagate. The mare carries her young eleven months and some days, continues to breed till the age of sixteen or eighteen years, and lives on an average between twenty and thirty years. various species of the horse family have been artificially crossed by man, and are found to be fertile with each other; the offspring, however, are generally sterile. The |