Hypodermic Injections Hyrcanus For everything he wants physic. Hypo- Hypothecation (hi-poth-e-ka'shun), the act of assigning chondria is, physically considered, not a dangerous disease, although it makes the something in security without giving up life of the sufferer a torment to him- the possession of it. See Bottomry. (hi - poth'e-sis), etymo self and his friends. It is occasioned Hypothesis logically a supposition; mainly by too great mental exertion, by too sedentary a life, by sexual indulgence is popularly used to denote something or excess in exciting liquors; and also not proved, but assumed for the sake of by want of exercise of the physical and argument. In scientific and philosophical mental powers producing ennui. It can usage it denotes either a probable theory be cured, but slowly, by the avoidance of phenomena not yet fully explained, of the habits likely to occasion it, by the or a strictly scientific theory which acadoption of a steady and regular life, with counts for all the known facts of the moderate exercise for the mind and body, case, and which only needs the verification and by the frequent enjoyment of cheer- of subsequent observations and deducful society. tions to become a certainty. Thus the (hi-pu- conjecture of Newton that the force of dér- gravity, as exemplified on the earth, might, mik), injections of some substance be- extend to the moon, was in its first stage neath the skin; a method adopted in a probable hypothesis; but when it was medicine when the condition of the stom- found to account for all the facts, it ach or other organs renders the use of became a scientific hypothesis or theory. drugs by the mouth objectionable, or The word theory is frequently used where when rapidity of action is desired. The hypothesis should be employed. Hypodermic Injections medicine is introduced by a small glass Hypsiprymnus. See Kangaroo-rat. or metal syringe fitted with a long hol thrust through the skin. measurement of low, needle-shaped point of steel, which is Hypsometry (hip-some-tri), the Hypophosphites (hi-pu-fos'fitz), heights. See Heights. salts of hypo- Hyracotherium (hi-ra-ku-ther'iphosphorous acid, especially certain meum), a genus of dicinal salts, chiefly the hypophosphites fossil Pachydermata, belonging to the of potassium, sodium and calcium. They odd-toed division, intermediate between have been used with considerable advan- the hog and the hyrax, occurring in the tage in disorders of the blood and the tertiary strata of England. The species digestive organs, and have also been are of the size of a hare. failing to effect a cure. found of benefit in consumption, although Hyrax (hi'rakz), a genus of pachyrhinoceros and the tapir. (hi-pu - s ul'fitz), Hyposulphites salts of hyposul phurous acid. Among the most important are the hyposulphites of sodium and calcium, the former of which is used in medicine as an external remedy in parasitic skin disorders and an internal one in checking fermentation in zymotic diseases. It is variously used in bleaching, photography, and other arts as an antichlore, a dissolvent of bromide and iodide of silver, etc. dermatous mammalia, intermediate in their character between the It is the only genus of the order Hyracoidea, characterized by having no canine teeth, but long, curved incisors. The front feet have four toes, and the hind feet three. The Cape hyrax is by the colonists of South Africa called Rock-badger and Rockrabbit. Hyrcania (hér-ka'ni-a), a province of ancient Asia, corresponding to what are now the northern parts of Khorasan and Mazanderan, along etry, the longest side the Caspian Sea. Hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) in geomin a right angled triangle, namely that Hyrcanus (her-ka'nus), the name a one which subtends or is of two Jewish highopposite to the right an- priests and rulers of the Asmonean family; gle. One of the most im- JOHN HYRCANUS, the son and succesportant propositions of sor of Simon Maccabæus, assumed the Euclid's Elements is the title of prince and the high priest in 137 forty-seventh of the first B.C., freed Judæa from the yoke of the book, discovered by Syrians, and founded a dynasty of rulers Pythagoras, which proves which lasted till the accession of Herod. that the square described He also subjugated the Samaritans and a b, Hypotenuse. on the hypotenuse is Idumæans. He died in 105 B.C., leaving equal to the sum of the squares described five sons, two of whom, Aristobulus and on the other two sides. Alexander, afterwards governed with the b Hyslop Hythe title of kings. John Hyrcanus II, grand- Hysteria (his-te'ri-a), a nervous af son of former, became king, but was Hyslop (his'lop) (1854-1920), director of research of the American Society for Psychical Research. Born at Xenia, Ohio. Author of many psychical works. fection to which women are ousted by his brother Aristobulus. Taken subject, generally occurring in paroxysms, by the Parthians to Seleucia, he returned characterized by alternate fits of laughto Jerusalem, on invitation of Herod, son ing and crying, convulsive struggling of Antipater, but was put to death, B. C. alternately remitting and exacerbating, 30, for plotting against Herod. sense of suffocation, palpitation of the heart, the sensation of a ball ascending from the pit of the stomach, occasioning a feeling of strangulation (globus hysteri cus), etc. Women of a delicate habit, and whose nervous system is extremely sensitive, are the most subject to hysterical affections; and the habit which predisposes to these attacks is acquired by inactivity and a sedentary life, grief, anxiety and various physical disorders. They are readily excited, in those who are subject to them, by strong emotions, especially if sudden. Hysterical complaints are best prevented by a judicious care of the moral and physical education of girls. Men are sometimes, but rarely, subject to disorders not essentially dif Hyssop (his'up; Hyssopus), a genus of plants of the nat. order Labiata. The common hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a perennial shrubby plant rising to the height of 2 feet, a native of Siberia and the mountainous parts of Austria, but common in our gardens. It flowers from June to September. The leaves have an agreeable aro- ferent. matic odor, and a slightly bitter and one of the Cinque Ports, in somewhat warm taste. the County of Kent, 11 miles w. s. w. It was once esteemed of Dover, to the west of Folkestone, at as a medicine, but has the foot of a steep hill or cliff. It was now fallen into dis- anciently a place of great importance; use. The hyssop of but its harbor has been entirely silted up. Scripture (the symbol It has become a fashionable resort for Hyssop (H.officinalis). of spiritual purifica- sea-bathing, and there is here a governtion from sin) is gen- ment school of musketry. A promenade erally identified with the caper (Cap- over five miles along the coast was paris spinosa). opened in 1881. Pop. (1911) 6387. Hythe (hith), a borough of England, I Ibadan the ninth letter and the third vowel cealment, in the sa ́ne manner as the in of the English alphabet, in which it of the cuttle-fish. represents not only several vowel sounds (e-b'dan), a town of Westbut also the consonantal sound of y. ern Africa, in the Yoruba The two principal sounds represented by country, about 70 miles north of the it in English are the short sound as in Bight of Benin. Pop. said to be about pit, pin, fin, and the long as in pine, 150,000, a few of them whites. line, wine, the latter being really a diph- Ibague (e-ba-ga), a town of South thongal sound. It has also three other America, Republic of Cosounds, viz., that heard in first, dirk (ė, lombia, department of Tolima. Ρυμ. the neutral vowel); that heard in ma- (1912) 23,607. chine, intrigue (which, however, can Ibañez (e-bä'nyez; Spanish pron. scarcely be considered a modern Eng e-ba'nyath), VICENTE BLASCO, lish sound); and the consonant sound a Spanish novelist (1867- ), born at heard in many words when it precedes Valencia, Spain. His first novel to ata vowel, as in million, opinion, trunion. tain popularity in America was Four I and J were formerly regarded as one Horsemen of the Apocalypse. This was character. followed by Mare Nostrum and others. (I-am'bli-kus), a Greek Ibarra (e-bar'ra), a town of Ecuador, Neo Platonic philoso60 miles north of Quito. Pop. Iamblichus pher, a native of Chalcis in Cole-Syria, estimated at 10,000. who flourished in the beginning of the Iberia (i-be'ri-a), in ancient geografourth century after Christ. He was the phy (1) A fertile district pupil of Porphyry, and having become in Asia, between the Euxine and Caspian perfect in the doctrines of the Plotinian Seas, a part of modern Georgia. (2) An school, he taught with vast reputation. ancient name of Spain. (e-bar-vel), PIERRE LE MOYNE SIEUR D', a French His school produced many eclectic philos- Iberis (i-be'ris), a genus of cruciferophers, who were dispersed throughout ous plants, of which several the Roman Empire. His philosophical species are cultivated in gardens under works now extant are: a Life of Pytha- the name of candytuft. goras; an Exhortation to the Study of Iberville Philosophy; Three Books on Mathematical Learning; a Commentary upon Nico- Canadian soldier and naval officer, machus' Institutes of Arithmetic; and a founder of Louisiana, born in Montreal in Treatise on the Mysteries of the Egyp- 1661; died in 1706. He saw much service tians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. He with the French during their earlier strugdied at Alexandria about 333. gles with the English, being in the expediIambus (-am'bus), in prosody, a tion which won Fort Nelson (1C86), the foot of two syllables, a invasion of Newfoundland and the naval short and long one (~~), or an unac- fights of 1697 in Hudson Bay. Sent to cented syllable followed by an accented establish a French post at the mouth of one. The iambic meter is the funda- the Mississippi, he founded Biloxi, Miss., mental rhythm of many English verses. in 1699, and subsequently a post on The verse of five iambic feet is a favorite Mobile Bay and another on Dauphin meter, being the heroic verse of English, Island. German, and Italian poetry. Ianthina (i-an'thi-na; Gr. ianthinos, viole t-colored), a genus of oceanic gasteropodous mollusca, with thin, violet-colored, a shell. When irritated they pour out a violet secretion, which colors the surrounding water and serves for their con Ibex (i'beks), a name of several species of goats. The horns of the male are flattened, have two longitudinal ridges at the sides, and are crossed by numerous snail-like transverse knots. The best-known varieties are the Capra iber of the Alps and Apennines, and the C. Siberica, the bearded ibex of the Himalayas. Another Ibicui Ibsen species, C. agagrus, inhabits the lofty Ibn-Ezra. Same as Aben-Ezra. rocky peaks of Mount Caucasus. Some writers say that the enormous horns of Ibrahim (ib'ra-him), the Arabic the ibex are employed by their owner as form of Abraham, and the buffers, by which the force of a fall may name of many sultans and grand-viziers be broken, and that the animal, when distinguished in Ottoman history. an adopted son of leaping from a great height, will alight Ibrahim Pasha, Mehmet Ali, vice on its horns, and by their elastic strength be guarded from the severity of a shock that would be fatal to other animals. The ibex has remarkable powers of endurance, being capable of sustaining life without Lood or water for a very long time. The color of the ibex is a reddish-brown in summer, and gray-brown in winter. There is a darker stripe along the spine and over che face. They are exceedingly wary, and difficult game for the hunter because of the nature of the country where they roam and their capacity to escape by way of the steepest precipices, impossible for man. Ibicui (ib'i-kwi), a river of Brazil, which rises in the Serra de Santa Anna, province of Rio Grande do Sul, and joins the Uruguay at Yapeyu after a course of 400 miles. Ibigau (ib'i-ga; Nyctibus grandis), roy of Egypt, born in 1789. He first gave signal proofs of his courage and military talents in the war with the Wahabis of Arabia, whom he completely defeated, and in the subjugation of Sennaar and Darfur. In 1825 he invaded the Morea at the head of an Egyptian army, with the view of conquering Greece for his father; but in 1828, in consequence of the interference of the great powers, was obliged to abandon the attempt. To effect his father's purpose of making Syria a bulwark to his new Egypto-Cretan kingdom he, in 1831, crossed the Egyptian frontiers with an army, overran Palestine, took St. Jean d'Acre by storm and made himself master of all Syria. The campaign terminated by an arrangement in which the Porte ceded Syria, and conferred the pashalic of Adana, by a kind a very large goat-sucker in- of lease, personally on Ibrahim. In no habiting South America; sometimes called long time war with the sultan again broke the grand goat-sucker. out, and resulted in a great defeat_of Ibis (i'bis), a genus of birds allied to the Turkish forces at Nizib in 1839. By the storks, the most remarkable the interference of the great powers Ibspecies being the Ibis religiosa, or sacred rahim was eventually obliged, after reibis (also called Threskiornis religiosa). tiring from all his Syrian conquests, to This is found throughout Africa. It is return to Egypt, marching across the about the size of a common fowl, with desert from Damascus with great loss head and neck bare, and white plumage,' the primaries of the wings being tipped with black and the secondaries being bright black, glossed with green and violet. It was reared in the temples of ancient Egypt with a degree of respect bordering on adoration, and after death was preserved in a mummified condition. The cause of its being deemed sacred was no doubt because it appeared in Egypt with the rise of the Nile; but it is now rare in that country, living farther south. There are several other species, as the I. falcinellus, or glossy ibis, nearly two feet in length, which builds in Asia, but mi(ib'sen), HENRIK, a Norwe grates also to Egypt, sometimes visiting gian dramatist and lyric poet, England; the I. rubra of tropical born in 1828. His first play, Catilina, America, remarkable for its scarlet plum- was produced in Christiania in 1850. age; the I. alba, or white ibis of Florida; This was an ill-written production, but the I. or Geronticus spinicollis, or straw necked ibis of Australia, etc. Ibn-Batuta (ib'n ba-tu'ta), an Arabic traveler, born at Tangiers 1304; died at Fez 1377. He visited Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Persia, Central Asia, India, China, the Eastern Archipelago, East Africa, Central Africa, etc., and wrote an account of his travels. and suffering. From this time he ap- Ibsen his Warriors in Helgeland (1850), and Rival Kings (1864), raised him to the first rank among the national dramatists of Scandinavia, and Love's Comedy (1862) was the first sten towards his satirical social dramas. He was successively director of the theater at Bergen and of the Norske Theatre at Christiania. which he managed in 1857-62. In 1864 |