receiving them as his natural allies in the effort to make the South a white man's land. The economic struggle is severe in the Northern States. Beyond an imaginary line, there is a continent of possibilities awaiting the man from the North. The South, with its mild climate and incalculable natural resources, beckons the white man from the congested centers of the North. So let him come and take part with those of his race in their endeavor to establish the white man and his culture in the South, even as these are established elsewhere in the Union.

To abandon the South to the negro is to place in peril the nation itself. If the South is to remain a broodland for blacks, a racial appanage of Africa, its present millions and its future increase will overflow the nation, leaving no section free to express the genius of the white race unhampered by the presence of a colored.

Students of American history will see in the efforts to establish the white race in the Southern States a purpose kindred to that ideal which created the Republican Party. Northern men formed the Republican Party to keep the slave and slave standards out of the Northwest. In this it was successful. Had the men who formed this party been quiescent, permitting the spread of the negro, much of America that is now white would be burdened by the presence of the negro.

Slavery was mistaken for the negro problem.

The nation hoped that its abolition would settle the problem. Jefferson, Madison, Lincoln and other great Americans knew that slavery was but a phase of the negro problem, and that the problem would exist and grow greater as long as the races continued to dwell together.

The Republicans kept the institution of slavery from the Northwest and made it clear that they did not wish the free negro there. Lincoln and men of his belief were the most far-seeing statesmen of their day. Their policy was to exclude the negro from the great territory which was to become the home of the white race. Lincoln, who understood the negro problem better than most of his followers, supplemented the ideal of a white North and West by plans to make the entire nation white. By the side of this great man, slave owner and negrophilist sink into an unenviable equality. The one sought to implant into unsettled America a race that would forever imperil civilization; the other, overwhelmed with sympathy for those enslaved, became unbalanced and sought to co-ordinate control of civilization with a people who have never produced a civilized culture and have never maintained such culture when imparted to them.

The slave owner would have imposed the South's immense burden upon the entire nation, leaving no spot free for the increase of the white race and the unhindered development of white culture. The

negrophilist developed into an advocate of equalization and miscegenation. Between these two fanatical factions, which eventually led the nation into civil war, there stood Lincoln with his followers in the North and his sympathizers in the South, who sought to preserve the Northwest for the Caucasian and who never dreamed of giving the negro a share in directing the destinies of a white man's civilization.

For several years prior to 1835, abolition received its chief support in the South. The first abolitionist newspaper was established in Tennessee. In 1832, the legislature of the State of Virginia lacked but a single vote to enact a law freeing all the slaves of the State. Slavery had become unprofitable.

Along with the abolition movement of these days there was an accompanying purpose to repatriate the negro. Every American of note, North as well as South, advocated the removing of the negro to Africa. Had it not been for the invention of the cotton gin, it is quite likely that the United States now would be a white nation.. The opposition to slavery was so strong in the South, but one-fifth of the Southerners owning slaves, that more than two hundred thousand Southerners fought in the armies of the Union, though the right of secession had been taught in the South as it had been in the North.

The Republican Party, in 1856, made its campaign, stressing the immorality of slavery. By

1860, its astute leaders had injected a new vigor into the party by stressing the ill economy of slavery. The Northerner was made to see that there was an irreconcilable economic warfare between the white and the black; that the introduction of the negro into the territories would close these lands for the free development of the institutions of the white man; that the Northern non-slave-owner in his movement westwards would be in economic competition with the slaves whom the slave owner purposed to introduce into the new lands of the West.

The Republican leaders, without knowing as we know the results upon the white race of its historic and world-wide contact with the colored, but by analyzing local conditions merely, sought to preserve as much of America as possible for the unhindered development of civilization. The economic inequalities between the North and the South were as glaring in 1860 as they are at present. That backwardness in civilization is in direct relation to the numerical proportion of negroes in the population was as well known to Lincoln as it is to ourselves. Economics conditioned upon negro labor, in contrast to those expressed by white standards, was the burden of that famous volume by Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis. Helper made the mistake of believing that slavery was the cause of the inequalities between the North and South. It was not slavery, but the negro, whether slave or free.

The negro is at the present time not held in slavery, but wherever he is in contact with civilization his presence is reflected in that the civilization is inferior to those cultures of the whites which are free from the negro.

The early Republicans, in their attempt to save the West for race and culture, were actuated by motives identical with those of the Caucasians of the Pacific States, who refuse to permit the Asiatic to inundate their soil and rob them of their rightful heritage. In both instances it is the white man who sees the future clouded and made impossible by competition with inferior peoples, who would reduce the white man to their level.

One consideration concerning the economic phase of the color problem should not escape our attention. It is that the negro may be eliminated from politics and from white social circles in all countries, but that he cannot be fully eliminated from economic competition with the whites. The economic phase of the problem is always evident, even though the social and political phases are temporarily non-evident. The white man may avoid marrying the negro's sister and may refuse the negro the privilege of determining the limits of political activities, but he cannot avoid the depressing influence of the negro's inferior cultural standards. As long as the races dwell together there will be a race problem; its political and social phases may be held in abeyance, but