Developmental Plasticity and EvolutionOUP USA, 10 апр. 2003 г. - Всего страниц: 794 Developmental Plasticity and Evolution is the first comprehensive synthesis on development and evolution: it applies to all aspects of development, at all levels of organization and in all organisms, taking advantage of modern findings on behaviour, genetics, endocrinology, molecular biology, evolutionary theory and phylogenetics to show the connections between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary change. This book solves key problems that have impeded a definitive synthesis in the past. It uses new concepts and specific examples to show how to relate environmentally sensitive development to the genetic theory of adaptive evolution and to explain major patterns of change. In this book development includes not only embryology and the ontogeny of morphology, sometimes portrayed inadequately as governed by "regulatory genes", but also behavioural development and psychological adaptation, where plasticity is mediated by genetically complex mechanisms like hormones and learning. The book shows how the universal qualities of phenotypes - modular organization and plasticity - facilitate both integration and change. Here you will learn why it is wrong to describe organisms as genetically programmed; why environmental induction is likely to be more important in evolution than random mutation; and why it is crucial to consider both selection and developmental mechanism in explanations of adaptive evolution. This book satisfies the need for a truly general book on development, plasticity and evolution that applies to living organisms in all of their life stages and environments. Using an immense compendium of examples on many kinds of organisms, from viruses and bacteria to higher plants and animals, it shows how the phenotype is reorganized during evolution to produce novelties, and how alternative phenotypes occupy a pivotal role as a phase of evolution that fosters diversification and speeds change. The arguments of this book call for a new view of the major themes of evolutionary biology, as shown in chapters on gradualism, homology, environmental induction, speciation, radiation, macroevolution, punctuation, and the maintenance of sex. No other treatment of development and evolution since Darwin's offers such a comprehensive and critical discussion of the relevant issues. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution is designed for biologists interested in the development and evolution of behaviour, life-history patterns, ecology, physiology, morphology and speciation. It will also appeal to evolutionary paleontologists, anthropologists, pscyhologists and teachers of general biology. |
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Содержание
Gaps and Inconsistencies in Modern Evolutionary Thought | 3 |
Six Points of Confusion and Controversy | 6 |
Development as a Conseryative Force versus Development as the Source of All Change | 8 |
3 Proximate and Ultimate Causation | 10 |
4 The Problem of Continuous versus Discrete Variation and Change | 11 |
5 Problematic Metaphors | 13 |
6 The GenotypePhenotype Problem | 16 |
Toward a Solution | 18 |
Combinatorial Evolution and DNA Sequence Conservation | 325 |
Molecular Terminology and the Definitions of Evolution and the Gene | 327 |
Speculations | 329 |
Phenotypic Recombination Due to Learning | 337 |
Learning in Relation to Selection and Evolution | 338 |
The Genetic Accommodation of Learned Traits | 339 |
Evolved Components ol Learning | 341 |
Learned Components of Evolved Traits | 342 |
Material for a Synthesis | 21 |
Overview | 28 |
Definitions of Key Terms | 30 |
Plasticity | 34 |
Hypervariahility and Somatic Selection | 37 |
The TwoLegged Goat Effect in Development | 51 |
The TwoLegged Goat Effect in Evolution | 54 |
Modularity | 56 |
Modularity as Plasticity | 58 |
Hierarchy and Integration as Aspects of Modularity | 60 |
Application of the Modularity Concept at Different Levels of Organization | 61 |
Metamorphosis and Life Cycle Modularity | 66 |
The Genetic Architecture of Modular Traits | 67 |
Modular Traits as Subunits of Gene Expression | 70 |
Connectedness | 81 |
Modularity and Connectedness as Complementary Aspects of Biological Organization | 83 |
Landmarks in the Evolution of Modularity | 84 |
Hypermodularity and Somatic Sequestration | 86 |
Development | 89 |
Continuity of the Phenotype | 90 |
The Dual Nature of Ail Regulation | 98 |
GeneEnviionment Equivalence and Interchangeability | 116 |
The Organization of Development by Switches | 129 |
The Developmental Basis of Continuous and Discontinuous Variation | 135 |
Consequences for Selection and Evolution | 138 |
Adaptive Evolution | 139 |
Prerequisites for Evolution by Natural Selection | 142 |
The Origins of Novelty | 143 |
Genetic Accommodation | 147 |
Genes as Followers in Evolution | 157 |
A Developmental Definition of Adaptive Evolution | 158 |
Principles of Development and Evolution | 159 |
Evolutionary Consequences of Plasticity | 160 |
Evolutionary Consequences of Modularity | 163 |
Integration or the Phenotype | 174 |
Consequences of Regulatory Complexity | 175 |
Does Plasticity Accelerate or Retard Evolution? | 178 |
Does Behavior Take the Lead in Evolution? | 180 |
Evolvability | 182 |
Developmental Plasticity as a Solution to the Cohesiveness Problem | 183 |
Darwins Theory of Development and Evolution | 188 |
The Nature and Analysis of Phenotypic Transitions | 197 |
Hybridization Polyploidy Horizontal Gene Transler and Phenotypic Fusion and Fission of Modular Traits | 198 |
Developmental Recombination as a Complex Response to a Simple Input | 200 |
Problems in Interpretation | 202 |
In Praise of Anomalies | 205 |
Duplication | 209 |
Duplication and the Rule of Independent Selection | 210 |
Gene Duplication | 211 |
Duplication in the Origin of Novel Morphologies | 212 |
Concerted Evolution and Diversification in Multigeneand Multiphenotype Families | 214 |
Deletion | 218 |
Deletion in the Evolution of the Arthropod Body Plan | 219 |
Deletion in the Evolution of Behavior | 222 |
Deletion of the Male Phenotype in Unisexual Flowers and Fishes | 223 |
Disruptive Development Due to Disruptive Selection | 224 |
What Happens to the Genes? Dispensable Phenotypes versus Dispensable Genes | 230 |
Reversion | 232 |
The Developmental and Genetic Basis of Atavisms and Reversions | 237 |
Pleiotropy and Silent Genes | 238 |
OneStep and Gradual Reversions | 239 |
Heterochrony | 241 |
Behavioral Heterochrony | 244 |
Socially Induced Heterochrony in the Evolution of Termites | 248 |
Heterochrony in Plants | 250 |
Gradual versus OneStep Heterochrony | 252 |
Heterotopy | 255 |
Crosssexual Transfer | 260 |
Darwins Theory of Crosssexual Transler | 262 |
Alternative Explanations for Sexual Monomorphism | 263 |
Crosssexual Transfer in Plants | 265 |
Crosssexual Transfer in Animals | 270 |
Female Hormones and Neurotransmitter Substances in Male Semen and Accessory Glands | 277 |
Crosssexual Transfer of Parental Care | 282 |
Crosssexual Transfer of Switch Mechanisms | 291 |
The Social Environment as an Inducer of Crosssexual Transfer | 293 |
Quantitative Shifts and Correlated Change | 296 |
TwoLegged Goats and Developmental Constraints | 297 |
The TwoLeggedGoat Effect in Domestic and Natural Populations | 298 |
Tradeoffs | 302 |
Quantum Shifts and Environmental Extremes | 315 |
Combinatorial Evolution at the Molecular Level | 317 |
Combinatorial Evolution in Regulatory Molecules | 318 |
Combinatorial Evolution in the Genome | 320 |
Phenotypic Recombination by RNA Splicing | 323 |
Genetic Accommodation at the Molecular Level | 324 |
Learning and Individual Differences in the Evolution of Specialization | 344 |
Social Competition and Learning | 349 |
The Importance of Forgetting | 350 |
Recurrence | 353 |
Historical Discussions of Recurrence | 354 |
Problems in the Interpretation of Recurrent Similarity | 357 |
Patterns of Recurrence | 363 |
Environmentally Correlated Recurrence | 368 |
Consequences of Recurrence for Systematics and Phylogenetics | 369 |
The Evolutionary Significance of Recurrence | 373 |
Alternative Phenotypes as a Phase of Evolution | 377 |
Alternative Phenotypes as Models for Relating Development and Evolution | 379 |
Phenomena Easily Confused with Alternative Phenotypes | 380 |
Historical Misconceptions about Alternative Phenotypes | 383 |
How Alternatives Facilitate Evolution | 392 |
Divergence without Speciation | 394 |
Specieslike Aspects of Alternatives | 395 |
Evidence of Postorigin Divergence | 400 |
Why Alternatives May Foster Divergence More Effectively Than Speciation | 401 |
Phenotype Fixation and Developmental Character Release | 404 |
Genetic Assimilation Revisited | 415 |
Conclusions | 416 |
Maintenance without Equilibrium | 417 |
Matching Models to Modes of Regulation | 418 |
Maintenance of Conditional Alternatives | 429 |
Alternative Phenotypes and Maintenance of Genetic Polymorphism | 434 |
Conclusions | 439 |
Assessment | 440 |
Assessment and Other Anthropomorphisms | 442 |
Selected Examples | 443 |
Learning and Assessment | 462 |
How Complex Mechanisms of Assessment Originate and Evolve | 464 |
The Evolution of Assessment Involving Choice | 466 |
Gradualism | 471 |
Modern Permutations of the Gradualism Controversy | 473 |
What the Gradualism Controversy Is Not | 474 |
Fishers Solution or Why the NeoDarwinian Resolution ol the Gradualism Controversy Was Unsatisfactory | 476 |
Is Darwinian Gradualism Falsified by a Developmental Evolutionary Biology? | 481 |
Conclusions | 482 |
Homology | 485 |
Cladistic and BroadSense Homology | 486 |
The Criteria versus the Definition of Homology | 488 |
Iterative or Paralogous Homology | 490 |
Levels of Analysis and the Perception of Homology | 494 |
Conclusions | 497 |
Enviionmental Moditications | 498 |
The Entrenchment of Environmentally Elements in Development | 500 |
Possible Examples and Places to Look | 503 |
Recurrent Extreme Environments and Phenotypic Innovation | 505 |
Evidence for Environmental Initiation of Reorganizational Novelty | 508 |
Environmental Influence and the Paleontological Time Scales of Evolutionary Change | 518 |
Conclusions | 524 |
Speciation | 526 |
Theory | 528 |
Kinds of Evidence | 530 |
Examples | 531 |
Speciation by Fixation of Parallel Alternative Phenotypes in the Two Sexes | 538 |
Plasticity and Abrupt Sympatric Speciation | 551 |
A Role for Developmental Plasticity? | 554 |
Alternative Phenotypes and Speciation in Clines | 560 |
Learning Sexual Selection and Speciation | 562 |
Adaptive Radiation | 564 |
Binary Radiations | 566 |
Multidiiectional Radiations | 573 |
Synergism of Plasticity and Other Factors in Adaptive Radiation | 591 |
Grounds for Generalization | 593 |
Predictions | 596 |
Macroevolution | 598 |
Intraspecific Macroevolution Compared with Previous Macroevolution Concepts | 599 |
How Developmental Plasticity Facilitates Intraspecific Macroevolution | 602 |
Major Transspecific Variants Found within a | 603 |
Sexualty Selected Flexibility and Macroevolutionary Trends | 608 |
Systema Naturae or Why All Phyla Are Old | 609 |
Why Molecular Biology Cannot Solve the Macroevolution Problem | 615 |
Punctuation | 617 |
Previous Theories | 619 |
Two Fossil Examples | 620 |
Morphological Stasis Is Not Evolutionary Stasis | 627 |
Conclusions | 629 |
One Final Word Sex | 630 |
Literature Cited | 639 |
745 | |
759 | |
767 | |
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
adaptive adaptive radiation adult alleles alternative phenotypes ancestral assortative mating Baldwin effect behavior biology cells chapter cichlid cladistic common complex correlated cross-sexual transfer Darwin deletion devel developmental plasticity dimorphism discussed disruptive selection divergence effects environment environmentally induced evidence evolution evolutionary biology evolutionary change evolved example factors facultative feeding females figure fixation flexibility frequency function gene expression genetic accommodation genetic assimilation genetic variation genome genotype heterochrony homology hormone host hypothesis individuals influence insects involved larvae learning males mating mechanisms ment modular molecular morph morphology mutation natural selection nest netic Nijhout notypic novelty occur ontogeny opment organisms origin parasitic pathways patterns pheno phenotypic plasticity phylogenetic plants pleiotropy polygenic polymorphism polyphenisms populations produce protein quantitative queens recurrent regulation regulatory relatively reproductive response sexual social somatic specialized species structure subunits switch teosinte tion tive traits variable wasps West-Eberhard wing workers