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THE CLIQUE.

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BACK VOLUMES OF NOTES AND QUERIES Every Book Collector, Librarian, and Bookseller 11. Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C., at the uniform price of

should read THE

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can be obtained on application to the Office of the Paper, 108. 6d. each.

BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO EDUCATION.

A Course of THREE LECTURES given by Miss HOSKYNSABRAHALL at Crosby Hall.

Lecture I. PERSONA: THE MASK. Lecture II. PSYCHE: THE SOUL. Lecture III. "MORS JANUA VITÆ.” These Lectures appeared in The Athenæum of APRIL 25, and five following numbers. A few complete Sets of the Six Issues may now be obtained.

Price 3s. post free.

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THE AUTHOR'S HAIRLESS PAPER-PAD. 247. GARDEN ROW, ST. GEORGE'S ROAD, SOUTHWARK, 8.E.)

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Contains hairless paper, over which the pen siips with perfect freedom. Sixpence each. 58 per dozen, ruled or plain. New Pocket size, 38. per dozen, ruled or plaín.

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BRIGHTON. TO LET,

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UNFURNISHED, Double-fronted, three-storied House (third story let as a separate flat). Three minutes from Central Station. Facing South. Glimpses of sea to East and West. View of DownS at rear. No basement. Back entrance. Good cellars.

On Entrance Floor: Dining room, with electric heater and service hatchway from kitchen; Study, Large Drawing-room, Lavatory, w.c., Kitchen, Two Pantries, and Scullery.

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Office: 19, Adam Street, Strand, London 18. weekly.-Box 2072, Athen um Press, 11, Bream's Buildings

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LONDON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1914.

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CONTENTS.-No. 253. NOTES:-The "Greeks" of the Rhine and the "Creacas of Widsith,' 341-Sir Thomas Browne and his Books, 342 -Illustrations of Casanova, 344-All Saints' Day Observ. ance in Leon L'Indépendance Belge,' 345-Birmingham, "the toyshop of Europe"-Arthur Johnston Bibliography Musicians, Minstrels, and Players, 346"Fubb's Yacht" Tavern, Greenwich-The Royal Exchange, 347. QUERIES:-Joseph Ritson - Theophania, 347-Use of Military Titles-Notes of Debates in the Irish Parliament -Elkanah Settle: Raymond of Hackney-Ozias_Humphry: Miniatures "Private Hotels"-Place-Names: Shrape, Thrunge, 348-Major John Quayle-"The English Attila"-Old Etonians-Floral Emblems of Countries Thomas Coulson - Peter Henham-Adelaide Procter

Author and Correct Version Wanted-Major John André, 349-Lamb's 'Mr. H--W. Belch, Printer, 350. REPLIES:-Papers of John Wilkes- Richard of Cirencester-Jemima Nicholas, 350-" Accidents will occur in the best-regulated families"-Gelria: a Place-Name, 351 -H. T. Coghlan-Robert Waller, 352-"Sparrowgrass Old Charing Cross-Poem Wanted: "The Reveille,' 353 -The Author of 'Paddiana'-Clocks and ClockmakersSt. Angus-Language and Physiognomy-The Patron Saint of Pilgrims - Foundation Sacrifice, 354-Foreign Tavern Signs-T. Arrowsmith, Artist, 355-"I am the only running footman"-Authors Wanted - Harford of Plymouth, 'Traitor"— Old Etonians-The National Colour of Wales-The Fight at Dame Europa's School' -Early Railway Travelling-Bombay as a Surname Medallic Legends-'The Salogne,' 356-Sir John Lade -Epaulets-Sir John Gilbert, 357-" ffrancis"-Groom of the Stole, 358.

NOTES ON BOOKS:-'The Story of Bethlehem Hospital' -Book-Auction Records'-'Bucks, Berks, and Oxon Archæological Journal'— 'Quarterly Review'. -Edinburgh Review.'

Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

Creacum in Widsith' equals Græcis.

It

is quite impossible, however, for O.E. Crēac-, Germanic *Crauc-, to represent Latin Græc-. What is it, then, that it does represent?

The elucidation of our difficulties lies, first, in certain mediæval writers who collected historical memoranda about the city of the Treveri; secondly, in 'Widsith' itself; and, thirdly, in the fact that one of King Alfred's collaborators was an Old Saxon.

I. The passages which have led me to what I believe to be the truth are as follows:

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gladium gentilium uenire permisit super regnum Igitur omnipotens Deus tres plagas maxime tribus vicibus: prima autem plaga erat GRÆCOchristianorum et super ciuitatem Treuirorum RUM sub imperatore Constante filius Constantini [350]; secunda Wandali et Alemanni [A.D. 407]; tertia Hunorum [A.D. 451].”—Vide Codices S. Mathiæ et S. Gisleni, Hillar, Vindicatio Historia Treuerorum,' pp. 57, 159.

"Post quem [sc. S. Paulinum Treverensem episcopum (+358)] Bonosius; deinde Brittonius Horum temporibus GRECI cum magna manu Treberim invasere et cædibus et rapinis et inGesta Trecendiis graviter attrivere."-Vide verorum,' ed. G. Waitz, M.G.H.,' SS., tom. viii., 1848, p. 154.

It is obvious that the authorities quoted were of the opinion that there was a tribe of "Greeks" in the fourth century who lived on or near the Middle Rhine. Now, what Germanic folk-name could have suggested Græci to these authors? The answer is: the O.E. stem Creac-"postulates O.H.G. *Crouc-, and with that stem may be identified " Chroc-us," the latinized name of an

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THE "GREEKS" OF THE RHINE AND Alemanic king who, according to Gregory

THE CREACAS OF WIDSITH.'

ONE among the many obfuscated problems presented by Widsith' is concerned with the significance of the folk-name CREACE,

66

In

of Tours (†597), invaded the Gauls in the third century of our era. Chroc-," with Chr for Cr, is Upper German in dialect-i.e., it is Suevic and Alemanic. Consequently, the O.E. Creac-, pl. Creace, postulates Alethe *Chrouc-, pl. *Chroici. This manic Middle High German period ou, the normal umlaut of ou, was often written oi. I believe that it is this form *Croici, or *Chroici, which suggested гpaikoi, Græci, to the two historians quoted above.

which occurs in 11. 20 and 76 therein. form is found also in the version of Orosius made by King Alfred. The fact last mentioned was overlooked by Mr. R. W. Chambers in his Introduction to 'Widsith,' p. 166, and he attributed what he calls "the odd form ea" in "Creacum" to an error of the copyist of the Exeter Book. In his commentary (p. 192) Mr. Chambers cites three explanations of G becoming C. The theories are in conflict with each other, however, and neither the abnormal initial tenuis nor the disquieting diphthong has ever been explained away. Notwithstanding their survival, it is universally assumed by critics of the German school that the O.E.

II. Widsith groups the Bāningas, the Burgundians, and the Creacas together in 11. 20 and 21, and in that order. This grouping points in the direction in which we ought to look. In the seventh-century tract De Origine Langobardorum' we are told that the Langobards left Mauringa, and passed through Anthaib, Bainaib, and Burgundaib on their way to Italy. These are Gothic forms for the most part. Maúringā

66

According to Asser, King Alfred was a close and earnest student of English lays, and a great lover of them. He learnt them by heart, and often caused them to be recited before him, and I know of no reason for supposing that the Traveller's Lay of Widsith' and the other poems in the prototype of the Exeter Book were unknown to the West Saxon king. I believe it to be to his collaboration with Abbot John the Old Saxon that the currency acquired by the erroneous form casere, and also the profound error about the meaning of O.E. Creacum," are to be attributed. ALFRED ANSCOMBE.

has aú (Ŏ), and not áu, and it indicates assumed that O.E. Creac- and H. G. Kriach-, the terra Morinorum. Báin-aib is the land or Kreach-, were identical. of Báin or Ban, near the Jura and Geneva. Burgund-aib is unquestionably Burgundy. Anth-aib is the land of Anp. The O.E. equivalent of this is And: cf. the personal names And-hūn, -rēd, and -scōh. Its High German equivalent is Ant, and we get that in the name of Ant-is, an emperor of Constantinople, i.e., of the "Greeks." Anthaib-the country of Anth, the ruler of the "Græci": *Chroici : "Creace"-lay between Maúrin-ga, the land of the Morini, and Burgundy, just as the "Civitas Treverorum did. The " Emperor" Antis flourished in the third quarter of the fourth century. He was celebrated in saga, and according to 'Wolfdieterich' he was the third ancestor of Ermenric and the fourth ancestor of Theodric; v. Grimm, 'Die Deutsche Heldensage,' 1829, p. 230. These are the contemporaries of Widsith (c. 450), namely, Eormenric of the Gōtas and his nephew Theodric of the Franks. It is time the uncritical identification of the latter with Theodoric of Ravenna (†526) was abandoned.

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Thus far all is in order. In Widsith,' however, and in Alfred's Orosius,' Creacappears. Now an O.E. Creac- and O.H.G. *Kreach- would appear to be the same, and investigators who believe that the O.E. Creacum equates Græcis are committed to the proposition indicated. But "the odd form ea in Creacum is ēā, a long diphthong which is exclusively Old English, and it is quite impossible for O.E. ea, Germanic au, to equate O.H.G. ea ia, older . King Alfred made use of this stem to render Græc-, and we must ask whence he derived it. I do not hesitate to say that he drew it from Widsith,' and that the half line "Casere weold Creacum" was rendered by him and John the Old Saxon as if it read: "se casar weold Grēcum" ("Cæsar rexit Græcos "). Abbot John no doubt knew that the High German form in his day was Kriachi," and he and King Alfred

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SIR THOMAS BROWNE AND HIS
BOOKS.

I HAVE

(See ante, p. 321.)

searched carefully through the catalogue for any literature dealing with the story of the famous golden tooth, which created so much interest in Germany and elsewhere at the close of the fifteenth century. Browne refers to the story in the Vulgar Errors,' book iv. chap. vi.," and seems to have studied the subject pretty closely. He had a full account of the tooth in the 'Vitæ Germanorum Medicorum,' but his note is very meagre, and some account of it may not be out of place. The proud possessor of the famous tooth was a boy aged 10 years, living in the neighbourhood of Schweidnitz; the tooth was the last on the left side of the lower jaw. Jacob Horstius, a doctor at Helmstadt, heard of it, and wrote a tract in which he sought to show that the appearance

of the tooth was due to the fact that on the

day of the boy's birth (22 Dec., 1586) the sun was in conjunction with Saturn in the Sign of the Ram, and that the heat engendered by this extraordinary conjunction had fused the bony substance into gold. Horstius regarded the appearance of the tooth as a sign that the Golden Age was at hand, and that the Turks would be driven out of Europe. A controversy at once ensued, and learned men inspected the tooth and wrote number of tracts "de aureo dente." Wilkin, iii. 27.

a

a

Melch. Adami Vitæ Germanor. Medicorum,” Heidelb., 1620. Vita Ingoldstetter,' p. 450.

The titles of five tracts are given in N. & Q.,* 6 S. xii. 329. To these add Duncan Liddell, 'De Aureo Dente,' Hamburg, 1628, 8vo. See alsoSprengel, 'Gesch. der Medizin,' 3 Auflage, Halle, 1827, iii. 403–6.

Eventually, however, the boy began to exhibit signs of anger when asked to show it, and it was soon discovered that the prodigy was merely an ordinary tooth covered with gold leaf; little by little, as the gold leaf grew thinner and thinner, the wonder ceased of itself. None of the tracts are mentioned by name in the catalogue, but Browne must have known something of them. He had, however, one tract" de aureo dente,' written by a learned Jesuit, Adalbert Tylkowski, Rector of the Jesuit Seminary at Vilna. This tract contains an account of another gold tooth which appeared at Vilna nearly 100 years later. The owner was once again a boy, but aged only 3 years; the tooth was on the left side of the lower jaw, and was examined by Tylkowski, who, at the same time, inspected a boy "cum capite gyganteo,' on 20 Sept., 1673. Tylkowski appears to have been a credulous kind of person, and was quite satisfied that the tooth was genuine, but no one else seems to have troubled to inspect it. The affair appears to have attracted little notice, but it would be interesting to know where Browne came across the tract.

·

may be mentioned that in the 'Exotica' of Clusius, Browne had a description and a figure of the much-lamented Dodo as it then existed in Mauritius. The vast collections of Aldrovandus on animals, plants, and minerals are in the catalogue; but Browne does not exhibit much enthusiasm for the genius of this extraordinary man, nor for Gesner, whose great work, the Historia Animalium,' he scarcely refers to half a dozen times.

66

Belon's 'De la Nature des Oyseaux 'a he had constantly at hand. It is quoted in a letter to Edward Browne in 1682 in connexion with an oestridge "-possibly one of the thirty sent from Morocco, with two lions, as a present from the " King of Fez and Morocco to Charles II. which Ed. Browne had just procured. His father sends him a drawing of an ostrich's head from Belon, and another from Willoughby's Ornithologia,' with directions to "marke the foote well whether it hath any kind of teeth, and the one division more hornie than the other."

66 The Woestridge " died a few days later "of a soden," having dined heartily upon iron, and Browne is at once interested in its dissection. Several letters are concerned with a description of the "sceleton," which he enjoins his son not to write with a "k." Belon is also responsible for the interesting discovery that the fishes eaten by our Saviour were trouts, pikes, chevins, and tenches.

The learned Jesuit Athanasius Kircher is

well represented in the catalogue. Browne frequently quotes Kircher, and seems to have concerning the Hieroglyphical Doctrine of the Egyptians. Kircher was famous as the founder of the Museo Kircheraneo at Rome, which still includes his collection of antique Roman and Italian coins.

relied on him for much that he writes

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The catalogue is rich in books on natural history. Plants, animals, and minerals-all "natural things," in fact-were of interest to Browne. Dr. Grew's Anatomy of Plants 'c Browne subscribed to himself as it came out. He also obtained several subscriptions from friends, and in May, 1682, he sends Edward Browne the amount of the subscriptions to be paid over to Dr. Grew. Readers of the 'Vulgar Errors' will remember that Browne quotes again and again from the Portuguese work on the Simples and Drugs of India, by Garcias ab Horto.d He was well versed in foreign languages, and I had hoped to be able to show that he was familiar with this work in the original; but he seems to have used the abridged translation in the Ex-Browne visited him when at Rome, and to his father a glowing otica' of Clusius, 1605. There are no account of his "closet of rairretys," amongst Portuguese works in the catalogue. Clusius was in charge of the Emperor's garden when Edward Browne was at Vienna in 1668, and his father bids him endeavour by all means to see "his treasure of rarities, and whatever is remarkable in any private custodie."e It

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writes home

Edward

a Belon, Hist. de la Nature des Oyseaux avec leurs descriptions & naifs portraits retirez du Naturel,' Par., 1555.

b Evelyn's Diary' (Globe ed.), p. 337.

e Browne had Ray's edition of Willoughby 1676. He lent him many "draughts" of birds for the book, which he never saw again. See Wilkin, i. 337. a On the "oestridge" see Wilkin, i. 281, 327, 329, 456.

e

Certain Miscellany Tracts,' Tract III., Wilkin,

iv. 180.

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which were an engine for attempting per- en vain au trône de la Grande-Bretaigne."petual motion, and a speaking head, which Sir Horace Mann wrote, 21 Aug., 1770, of he called his Oraculum Delphicum. Another Prince Charles Edward: writer who must have appealed to Browne intends to stay at Pisa some time, to make "He says that he was the Neapolitan lawyer Alexander ab use of the Baths in that neighbourhood." Alexandro, whose Geniales Dies 'a contains a mass of learning on every subject of Roman philology and antiquities. Browne also had Gruter's Corpus of ancient inscriptions and the ‘Elogia' of Jovius.c

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"My Elogia doctorum virorum," he writes, "is butt a midling octavo printed at Basil. He hath also writt elogies of famous warriors and divers of the Turkish Emperors, but I have only doctorum virorum as lesse writt on by others."

MALCOLM LETTS.

(To be continued.)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF CASANOVA.
(See ante, pp. 42, 145.)

"M.

VOL. VII. (Edition Garnier), p. 305.
de Vicedom, ou Vitzthum." In the MS.
account of the travels of Prince Augustus
I find, in 1781: "At Leipzig, Comte de
Vicedom the Governor."

Pp. 360-61. The child of Della Croce.-
See the registration given in E. Maynial's
Casanova et son Temps,' pp. 282-3.
is interesting to note that Lady Jane Douglas
It
(-Steuart) was stated to have given birth to
twin sons at Paris on 10 July, 1748. M.
La Marre was the name given to the accou-
cheur. The doctor identified with this
man in 'The Douglas Cause
Pierre de La Marre, who died in 1753. He
was Louis
was survived by his wife.

P. 464. King Charles III. of Spain and "l'infant son frère." The Infant Don Louis married Doña Maria Theresa Vallabriga y Drummond. He had three children: Infant Don Louis Maria de Borbon (17771823), Archbishop of Toledo; Maria Theresa, wife of Don Manoel Godoy, Prince of the Peace; and another daughter, Duquessa de San Fernando.

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VIII., p. 1. "Un successeur
Rezzonico.
au pape
elected 1769, died 1775, succeeded Clement
Clement XIV. (Ganganelli),
XIII. (Carlo Rezzonico).

P. 51. 66
J'arretai une heure aux bains (de
Pise) où je fit la connaissance du prétendant

a Alex. ab Alexandro Geniales Dies cum Andr. Tiraquelli Annot.,' Lugd., 1651.

Jani Gruteri Inscript. antiquæ totius Orbis

Romani.'

Pauli Jovii Elogia Doctor. Viror.,' Bas., 1571. See letter, Wilkin, i. 317.

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Consul d'Angleterre chez lequel il était logé.
Ibid. 66 Comte Orloff à Livourne....Le
horn, who assisted Orloff to decoy and carry
-Sir John Dick, the British Consul at Leg-
1775.
off to Russia the Princess Tarakhanoff in

Calvert). He was tried for rape in 1768,
Pp. 112-14. Lord Baltimore (Frederick
and, escaping conviction, left England.
died s.p. 4 Sept., 1771, aged only 39.

He

P. 132. The Prince de Francavilla.—Henry Swinburne (1777) wrote that Prince Francavilla was excavating a Roman villa (with a bath) at Portici. He wrote (p. 175):

"Our friend, Prince Francavilla, was the cher ami of the late Queen Amelia. sudden; from being a neglected youth, taken no His rise was very notice of, nor likely to be connected at Court, he handsome.' became maggiordomo to the Queen. He was very

He had a villa, with baths, at Caseita, and
he was there married.

Swinburne wrote (' Courts of Europe,' p. 131)
P. 146. M. et Mme. Goudar.-Henry

in 1777 :

intrigues have lain in the sphere of Contadine,
except a Mme. Golard, wife of a French author on
"The King is very good-natured....His
Economy, and an Englishwoman..
some flirtations with ladies of rank, one of whom
He has had
of hers to the King with some extraordinary
was exiled, because that the Queen found a note
expressions."

at Montpellier in 1720, and died in poverty
Angelo Goudar is said to have been born
in London in 1791.
authors of several political works.
His wife and he were
stated also to have died in poverty in Paris
in 1800.
She is

P. 149. The games of the King of Naples.
-Sir Horace Mann wrote in 1770 :—

66 The last letters from Naples brought the Great-Duke and the Publick an account of a most wanton piece of cruelty that the King of by tossing them in a blanket at his Camp at Naples had caused to be exercised on two Florentine cavalieri, and personally very deserving men, thousands of Spectators." Portici, in the presence of the whole Court and at the Court of Florence,' ii. 213. -Mann and Manners

Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony; P. 178. Prince Xavier de Saxe.-Son of of Comte Joseph Spinucci, afterwards "Gräfin born 1730, married in 1765 Clara, daughter v. d. Lausitz," who died 1792. He died 1806, A. FRANCIS STEUART.

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