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THE DOOMSDAY HIDATION OF ESSEX. By J. H.
Round, LL.D.

THE ANCIENT INDICTMENTS IN THE PUBLIC RECORD
OFFICE. By Miss B. H. Putna m.

AN HISTORICAL COLLECTION OF THE FIFTEENTH
CENTURY. By C. L. Kingsford.

ENGLISH FOREIGN TRADE UNDER ELIZABETH.
Conyers Read.

By

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A CHAPTER OF ENGLISH DIPLOMACY, 1853-1971. J. A. R
Marriott.

THE REFERENDUM AT WORK. Dr. Horace Micheli.
THE EXPANSION OF ITALY. Algar Thorold.

SERVIA IRREDENTA. Francis Gribble.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA. Luigi Villari.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EMPIRE. Sidney Low.
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by Mr. Fleay is not unimpeachable either: The enclosure of commons, he says, was then beginning (a fact alluded to by Winifred, Act I. sc. ii.). This was no recent grievance, however, since a petition of the inhabitants of Stixwold in Lincolnshire has

NOTES:-The Probable Date of Webster's 'The Devil's been quoted by Mr. G. Shaw-Lefevre in

Law Case,' 41-Illustrations of Casanova, 42-' A Biblio.
graphy of Thomas Holcroft,' 43 Berrow's Worcester
Journal'-Record of Monumental Inscriptions in Ilert-
fordshire, 46-Lines by Sidney Godolphin-" Anent "-
"Felix Summerly " (Sir Henry Cole), 47.

QUERIES:-"Placing " in Universities, 47- Cotterell,
Coterill, and Variants- An Oxford University Print-
Adulation of Queen Elizabeth Medallic Legends, 48
-Safety in a Thunderstorm-Moses Franks-John Bacon
of the First Fruits Office - Translation of the Life of
M. de Renty-Plautilla and some Mediæval Princesses-

"Aschenald "-Greek Newspaper published in London

Wellington: Chandos -'The Manchester Marine'. The Order of Areopagus, 49-Robert Burton's Symbol -Signs of Cadency-Isaac Savage of Kintbury-Maria Riddell and Burns-Rev. James Thomas, c. 1819-52,

Newgate Street: a Sculptured Stone, 50-Army Scouts

and the Fleur-de-lis, 51.

REPLIES:-Sir Gregory Norton, the Regicide, 51-"The Broad Arrow": the King's Mark-Burnap, alias Burnett - Cowlard, 52-Oriental Names mentioned by GrayHessian Troops in America, 53 Scott's 'Rob Roy'Lesceline de Verdon, 54-Palm the Bookseller, shot by Napoleon, 55-"Condamine"-Books on Chelsea-Authors of Quotations Wanted - Old Etonians-George Byam -Edward Richard Burrough, 57-" Blizard" as a Surname-Tristan de Acunha - Adye Baldwin of Slough Military Execution-A Bibliography of Thomas Holcroft -Alexander Smith's 'Dreamthorp'- Privy Councillors, 58-Chilean Views, 59.

NOTES ON BOOKS:-The Oxford Dictionary- Pageant of the Life and Death of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick.'

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DATE OF THE DEVIL'S LAW CASE.'

THE full title of the play runs thus :

"The Deuils Law-Case, Or, When Women goe to Law, the Deuil is full of Businesse. A new Tragecomody. The true and perfect Copie from the Originall. As it was approouedly well Acted by her Maiesties Seruants. Written by John Webster....1623."

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English Commons and Forests' (1894); nay, a popular song published in N. & Q. ' (5 S. vi. 246) proves that as early as 1548 the public were complaining of an edict of the Regent Somerset to the same effect.

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The play is reported to have been acted by "Her Majesty's Servants." Therefore it 1622, when the late Queen Anne's Men were can have been produced no later than 8 July, granted a new privilege under the style of Children of the Revels"-three years after their patron's death. The name of "the Queen's Servants," indeed, is mentioned subsequently in Sir Henry Herbert's papers (with reference to Massinger's Bondman,' for instance) when the Queen of Bohemia's Servants' are meant. In the present case, however, the latter company is out of question, the words " Her Majesty's" being applied to none but the Queen of England.

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The under-title of the play has been hitherto unheeded, though it plainly alludes to some scandalous lawsuit in which the litigants had been women. Among the many cases which were tried in James I.'s reign, during which Lord and Lady Rochester, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Giles Mompesson, and Bacon appeared before the Courts of Justice, none answers Webster's description so well and is so fitly paralleled by the play as Lake v. Exeter, which came to an issue in February, 1619.

The daughter of Sir Thomas Lake, Secretary of State, having married Lord Roos, serious misunderstanding soon broke out the Earl of Exeter's grandson and heir, a between her and her husband's very young step-grandmother. Lady Lake, who of course took her daughter's side, not only hinted that the Countess had been unduly Mr. Fleay has asserted that the play may intimate with Lord Roos, but accused the have been written in 1610, on the score that, noble lady of having attempted to poison in Act IV. sc. ii., Romelio states his age her and Lady Roos, and produced a written to be 38, having been born in the year 1572. apology by which the Countess had tried This kind of argument, which was used, to gain the mother's and daughter's forgivein the case of Romeo and Juliet,' in order ness This lawsuit between an illustrious house to assign 1591 as the date of the play, on and the family of a powerful statesman account of the 1580 earthquake, is not created a tremendous excitement, especially altogether to be relied upon, especially for after Lord Roos's escape to Rome. Lady 'The Devil's Law Case,' as most of the cha- Exeter, however, asserted herself innocent, racters in this play are convicted of false- and protested that the written confession hood. The second piece of evidence adduced | had been forged by Lady Lake. The latter

purported the document to have been drawn up by the Countess at Lake's house at Wimbledon, in the presence of Diego, Lord Roos's foreign servant; besides, it was stated that one Sarah Swarton, Lady Lake's maid, standing behind the arras, had overheard Lady Exeter's reading of the document after it was signed. The trial proceeded from January, 1618, to February, 1619, during which time 17,000 sheets of paper were used by the counsel of both parties.

This extraordinary case, and the wickedness of Lady Lake, countenanced by her devoted servant Sarah Swarton, certainly suggested to Webster the apparently incredible scheme of the unnatural mother Leonora and her accomplice Winifred. What is more striking still is the conclusion of this plot, for which Webster is indebted to no other person than King James I. himself.

In the play, Leonora's supposed lover of yore is Crispiano, whose portrait is produced in Court, when the judge turns evidence and discloses himself to be Crispiano in person. Thus had King James in 1619 delivered from the Bench the positive conviction of Lady Lake's falsehood. As he happened to hunt in the neighbourhood of Wimbledon one day, he bethought himself of going and ascertaining the conditions under which the confession had been drawn up; and, having been shown the room in question, found that the arras was too short by 2 ft. for allowing Sarah Swarton to stand concealed behind it. None but the canny Scottish king had been a match for the cunning lady.

It was, therefore, after February, 1619, that Webster undertook his tragi-comedy, or at least the latter part of it. Three months before (November, 1618) had taken place the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh whose firmness in death is alluded to in Act V. sc. iv. Webster, however, was so slow in composition that the play was not completed till the summer of the next year, after the news of the AngloDutch conflict at Sumatra in August, 1619, had reached England (Act IV. sc. ii.) and the Mompesson scandal (Act III. sc. i.).

It is possible that Webster began the portion of the play dealing with Contarino, Jolenta, Ercole, and Romelio before 1618; for this he is indebted to some Spanish novel, perhaps to Don Diego Agreda's 'El Hermano Indiscreto (The Unwise

*

*This novel was dramatized by Alexandre Hardy, whose play, however, is unknown except for the account of the scenery in Mahelot's MS.

Brother).' He, however, found it impossible to make up a whole play out of this subject, and forced it into the subsequent plot of Leonora's scheme. Unless some earlier lawsuit may be found that obviously influenced The Devil's Law Case,' I shall maintain that this part of it was suggested by the Lake affair. It is likely that Shakspeare was no favourite of Lady Lake, who else might have pondered over the lines in 'Hamlet' (II. ii.) about stage-players :

:

"After your death you were better have a bad epitaph, than their ill report while you live."

BON A. F. BOURGEOIS.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF CASANOVA.

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THE splendid recognition M. Charles Samaran has given of the work done by N. & Q.' in his excellent study Jacques Casanova, Vénitien' (Paris, Calmann-Lévy), prompts the notes which follow :—

II. (Edition Garnier) 343. Le Duc de Matalone, at Paris.-M. le Comte Dufort de Cheverney, 1751-2, p. 140, says:—

"J'avais attiré dans la maison de Madame

B...... les étrangers les plus distingués, les Princes de Corsini, dont un depuis a été cardinal, et le duc de Matalone de Naples.'

Drummond, Comte de Melfort (1722-88); II. 384. Le Comte de Melfort. - Louis see The Scots Peerage,' vi. 69. He was (Dufort de Cheverney, i. 128) "de petite taille, mais fait comme un modèle et fort comme Hercule, suivait la chasse, quand il ne faisait pas sa cour à Versailles."

II. 406. Prince de Saxe-Hildbourghausen. -Ernst Friedrich III. (1727-80). Succeeded his father in 1745. Married: 1, Louise of Denmark, died 1756; 2, Christiane of Brandenburg-Baireuth; 3, Auguste of

Saxe-Weimar.

III. 106. Maria da Riva. Fulin, Maria da Riva, Studi.'

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See Rinato

III. 435. L'Abbé Galiani. See Swinburne's Letters, 20 June, 1777, and ii. 295. III. 493. Madame la Gouvernante, mère du Stathouder.-Anna, daughter of King George II. of Great Britain, widow since 1751 of William IV. of Orange, mother of William V., died 12 Jan., 1759. Her son was born in 1748.

IV. 228. L'électeur de Cologne.-Clement Augustus of Bavaria (1723-61).

"His electoral Highness has a just Title to be called Clement Augustus, for he is of stately mien, is handsome, and of easy Access, and loves Pleasures and particularly Hunting, as much as

his Condition will admit of; his Regular Life, and the Soundness of his Morals, may serve for an example to many older Prelates, that are not so powerful nor so nobly descended." · Baron de Poelnitz's Memoirs,' ii. 341.

VI. 318. "Je fis arrêter à Paris....et m'étant fait apporter des montres dans ma voiture, j'en achetai une pour quinze louis.” -William Cunninghame, writing in 1751, says that the Parisians offered wares to each post-chaise,

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so that in a few hours you are as well fitted out equipage and everything at Paris as in other places in as many days."

IV. 330. Le jeune Duc de Rosebury.Neil, third Earl of Rosebery, born 1729. His elder brother died in 1755, and he travelled abroad "some time on the Con-in tinent." He returned home, and was elected a Scottish representative peer in 1768 (The Scots Peerage,' vii. 224).

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IV. 479. Parcalier, Marquis de Prié.See L. Dutens, Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose,' pp. 132-4.

V. 288. Lord Talon.-See' Jacobite Peerage,' by the Marquis de Ruvigny, pp. 76–7.

V. 331." Pendant la semaine sainte les Juifs n'osaient pas se montrer dans les rues de Turin."

"The Jews here have a quarter called Gheto, with a Synagogue and burial-place. Every Jew is obliged to wear a yellow ribbon sewed on to the breast of his coat."-Swinburne's Letters,' i. 272, Turin, 6 June, 1779.

V. 388. La Renaud.-Catherine Renaud married (contract dated 23 June, 1768) M. Böhmer, Jeweller to the Crown, so well known through "l'Affaire du Collier." He died at Stuttgart, 18 Sept., 1794, and she remarried at Bâle, 28 July, 1796, his partner, Paul Bassenge, by whom she had a son. She died at Dresden, 12 Sept., 1806 (Funck Brentano's The Diamond Necklace,' p. 349). V. 515. Bal du théatre de Carignan.""We went to the little opera-house of Carignan, which is the only one open at this time of the year. No one seems to attend to the music or representation....This theatre is but ill lighted; it does to dance in during the Carnival, when the Opera is held at the Grand Theatre adjoining the Palace, which is very large, and one of the most magnificent in Italy."-6 June, 1779. Swinburne's Letters,' i. 272.

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Miss Berry describes it also in her Diary, 2 July, 1783.

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VI. 195. La Princesse de Monaco, née Catherine de Brignolé. She married secondly, 24 Oct., 1798, Louis Joseph, Prince de Condé. Her first husband, Prince Honoré III., died in France, in exile, 1795. She, the niece of Rodolfo Brignolé, Doge of Genoa, died in 1813.

VI. 236. Babet Rangoni.-Prince Aloys III. (Luigi II.) of Gonzague-Solferino, born 1745, married Elizabeth Rangoni. He succeeded his grandfather, Prince Luigi, in 1768, and died in 1819 (Betham, Genealogical Tables,' and also Stokvis). The wife of his father, Prince Leopold, is called by Betham "Helena Medina."

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VI. 468. "Comte de Schwerin, neveu de l'illustre feld maréchal."--Marshal Christopher Schwerin, the Prussian general, killed at the battle of Prague, 6 May, 1757. A. FRANCIS STEUART.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS

HOLCROFT.

(See ante, p. 1.)

1780. Contributions to The Westminster Magazine (Memoirs,' p. 87):

'The Actor,' No. I., January, p. 7.

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1780. Alwyn, or the Gentleman Comedian. London Fielding and Walker, 1780." 2 vols.,. 12mo.

European Magazine (1: 49) says 1779, but. later (22: 403) corrects the date to 1780. The volume was noticed cursorily and unfavourably in the September, 1780, number of The Monthly Review (63: 233). It is almost entirely the work of Holcroft, but William Nicholson (1753-1815) assisted somewhat in its writing (Memoirs,' p. 95)-thesame Nicholson who was living with Holcroft at the time, and who did the Prologue to 'Duplicity.'

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1780. (June or early July-probably last of June.) A plain and succinct narrative of the late riots and disturbances in the cities of London and Westminster and borough of Southwark. Containing particulars of the burning of Newgate, the King's Bench, the Fleet, and New Bridewell Prisons. Also, the Houses of Lord Mansfield, Sir John Fielding, Messrs. Langdale, Rainsforth, Cox, Hyde, &c.. Romish Chapels, Schools, &c., with an account of the Commitment of Lord George Gordon to the Tower and anecdotes of his life. To which is prefixed, An Abstract of the Act lately passed in favour of the Roman Catholics. And an account of the Bill, as moved for in Parliament by Sir George Savile, with the observations of Sir George and Mr. Dunning on the Papist penal Laws. By William Vincent, of Gray's Inn. Paternoster Row. (Price one shilling.) London, printed for Fielding and Walker, 1780. Entered at Stationers' Hall.'

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