Moses, comparison instituted, i. Newbury, king Charles's defeat at,
.15
--, era of, i. 11; the books of, Newton, Sir Isaac, chronology of,
28; Septuagint, ii. 41
Muley Hassan, v. 228
Moluc, emperor of Mo-
rocco, vi. 57
Mummius destroys Corinth, ii. 64,
iii. 62
Munster, fanaticism of John of
Leyden, v. 258
i. 134; philosophy of, vi. 285;
on light and colours, 286
Nicanor attacks Athens, ii. 48
Nice, Council of, iv. 72
Nicholas I., pope, ambitious plans
of, iv. 171
Nicholas, pope, iv. 175
- V., pope, v. 171
Murray, the regent, vi. 88-98; Nimeguen, peace of, vi. 231
is murdered, 101
Mutius Scævola, ii. 249
Muza, viceroy in Africa, iv. 178
Mycena, i. 148
Mythology, account of the ancient,
i. 55
Mythology, Grecian, i. 112
Nabonassar, era of, i. 210
Nicias, the Athenian, i. 277
Nile, causes of its inundation, i. 64
Nileus, son of Codrus, i. 151
Nimrod, grandson of Ham, i. 30,38
Nineveh, capital of Assyria, i. 30
Ninus, conquests of, i. 31
Noah, the family of, i. 29
Noailles, Marshal de, victorious in
Spain, vi. 234
Narses overthrows the Goths, iv. Normans, conquests of the, i. 18,
Narva, battle of, vi. 262
Naseby, Fairfax victorious at, vi.
130
Navarre, Spanish kingdom of, iv.
180
Navigation, the improvement of,
i. 21; of the Phoenicians, 92;
the Argonautic voyage, 132;
Greek, 137; Carthaginian, ii.
14
Naxos taken by the Persians, i. 238
Nearchus, voyage of, ii. 25, v. 329
Nebuchadnezzar, Israel carried
into captivity by, i. 211, ii. 222
Nepos, emperor of Western Rome,
dethroned, iv. 37
Neptune, tradition, i. 101, 114
Nero, despotism of, iii. 254
Nerva, an excellent emperor of
Rome, iii. 269; he adopts Trajan,
270
iv. 165; under Eric of Denmark,
166; burn Paris, plunder Rouen
and Bourdeaux, 167; under
Rollo they acquire Normandy
and Brittany, 168
Numa Pompilius, lawgiver of
Rome, ii. 212-216, iii. 132
Numitorius, military tribune, ii.
299
Numidia, Bithynia, and Cappado-
cia, kingdoms, afterwards pro-
vinces, of Rome, iii. 71, 77
Obelisks, Egyptian, i. 72
Octavius, Roman tribune, iii. 65
Caius, heir of Caius
Julius Cæsar, iii. 121. (See
Augustus.)
Edipus, sons of, i. 139, 140; tra-
gedy of, ii. 132, 137
Odin, or Sigga, the conqueror from
Scythia, rules in Scandinavia,
iv. 50; account of the deities | Ottocarus, king of Bohemia, v.
Odin, Friga, and Thor, 51-55
Odoacer and the Heruli conquer
Italy, iv. 37; he is vanquished
by Theodoric, 39
O'Connor, Roderic, king of Con-
naught, iv. 261
Ogyges, the deluge of, i. 98
Olaus, Norwegian king, iv. 207
Olivarez, minister of Philip IV.,
vi. 199, 205
Olympia, in Elis, i. 122
Olympiads, the, i. 122
Olympias, queen of Philip of Ma-
cedon, i. 316, 327; her death, ii.
50
Olympic games, i. 121, 247; ii.
111, 112
Omar, the caliph, ii. 41; his con-
quests, iv. 99; he burns the li-
brary of Ptolemy, 99, 284
Ommiades, the:-caliphs of this
dynasty, iv. 100, 180
Oracles, sorceries and supersti-
tions, i. 119, 206, 242
Orestes, crime of, i. 140; reign
of, 156
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general of Nepos, iv. 37
Origen, Dionysius, and Cyprian,
fathers of the Church, iv. 11
Orleans, the maid of, v. 81
Ostracism, judgment by, i. 194
Ostrogoths, iv. 35-39; defeated
by Belisarius, iv. 44, and by
Narses, 46; high character of
the Gothic kings, 73,74; laws,78
Othman, or Otman, the caliph, iv.
99, v. 83
Otho, Roman emperor, iii. 259
I., emperor of the Germans,
iv. 185
II., iv. 187
III., iv. 226
22; slain in battle, 23
Ottoman empire, ii. 74, iv. 99, v,
83. (Vide Turks.)
Ovid the poet, iii. 157
Oxenstiern, chancellor of Sweden,
thirty years' war, vi. 213
Oxford library, v. 170
Oziris, conquests of, i. 33
Pagan deities their mythology
and worship carried by the
Phoenicians into Greece, i. 91,
Painting in ancient Grecce, ii
103-109
Painting and the fine arts, v. 296
-318; academy instituted at
Florence, 300
Paleologus, Michael, v. 17
, John, his treaty with
Amurath, v. 83
Palestine, the Crusades to the
Holy Land, iv. 284-303
Palmyra and the history of Syria,
i. 51
Panæus, Athenian painter, i. 240,
ii. 87
Papirius Cursor, iií. 171
Carbo defeated by the
Cimbri, iii. 73
Paris besieged by the Normans,
iv. 166, 167
Paris, Trojan Prince, i. 142
Parmenio, Macedonian captain, i.
327; death, ii. 27
Paros, the Chronicle of, an in-
scribed marble, i. 100, 103, 142
Parrhasius, ancient painter, ii.
105-107
Parsi, or Guebres of Persia, i. 231
Parthians, wars of Rome against
the; they overthrow Crassus, | Perdiccas, king of Macedon, i. 305
iii. 101; reign of Chosroës, Pericles, taste and learning of, i.
273
259; administration,265; death,
270
Patkul, Livonian noble, vi. 261,
Peisistratus collects the verses of
Homer, ii. 114
-, usurpation of, i. 203
Pelagian and Arian doctrines, iv.
148
Pelasgi, the, i. 97
Pelayo succeeds to the authority
of Rodrigo and Witiza in Spain,
iv. 179
Pelopidas, death of, i. 307; ac-
tions of, i. 300
Peloponnesian war, the, i. 273,
281
Pembroke, Strongbow, earl of, iv.
261
Penn, admiral, v. 295
-, William, v. 295
Pennsylvania conquered from the
Dutch, v. 294
Pepin d'Heristal, mayor of the
palace, iv. 106; king, iv. 107
Percy, named Hotspur, v. 74
Perdiccas, ii. 33
Persecutions, the, of Christians by
Nero and Domitian, iv. 5; by
Trajan, 10; the Antonines, 10;
by Diocletian, 12
Persius, king of Macedonia, iii.
57
founds Mycenæ, i. 148
Persia, invasions of Greece, i. 12;
the Persian monarchy, 212,217;
magnificence, 218; customs and
institutions, 219–222; valour,
220; religion, 224; the fire-
worshippers, 224; Persians adopt
the costume of conquered na-
tions, 233; they invade Greece,
233; are resisted by the Athe-
niaus with resolution, 209-
262; action at Thermopylæ,
246; the monarchs, 279. Vide
Alexander the Great, Themis-
tocles, Miltiades, and the Par-
thians and Saracens.
Peru, annals of, i. 47
Peter, king of Aragon, v. 19
church of St., at Rome,
built by Leo X., v. 245
the Great, reign of, vi. 253.
Vide Russia.
the Hermit, iv. 285 et seq.
Peter's, St., of Rome, built by
Raffaelle, Buonarotti, and Bra-
mante, v. 311, 312
Petrarch, v. 163; his interview
with Chaucer, 165, vi. 292
Phalanx, the, i. 146
Pharamond, kingdom of, iv. 103
Pharaoh Necho, fleet of, i. 84;
dethroned, 212
Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, iii.
111
Pheidias, sculptures of, i. 240, | Phoroneus, king of Argos, i. 98
311, ii. 87, 102; temples built
by him, ii. 88
Pheræ, state of Thessaly, i. 306
Philip II. of Spain, vi. 44
III. drives the Moors out
of Spain, vi. 204
the Long, v. 24
of Valois, king of France,
v. 62
son of Amyntas, i. 305;
reign of, 312; prepares to invade
Asia, 327; assassinated, 327
son of Demetrius, defeated
by Lærinus in Italy, iii. 45;
wars of, ii. 61, iii. 51
Philippa, queen of Edward III.,
defeats David Bruce with his
50,000 Scots, v. 66, 129
Philosophy of the Egyptians, i. 80
of Greece, i. 154, ii.
of Greece and Rome,
iii. 161, 167, iv. 2; full account
of the great heathen philoso-
phers, i. 154, ii. 154-193;
iii. 311, iv. 2, et passim
the Athenian schools
abolished by Justinian, iv. 41
Phocians, the sacred war, i. 314
Phocion, Athenian commander, i.
322; ii. 45; death of, 48
Phoenicians, their commerce and
literature, i. 90; settle in Greece,
97
Photius and Ignatius, Greek pa-
triarchs, iv. 175, 177
Phraortes conquers Persia, i. 211
Picts and Scots, the, iv. 34, 195
Picture-writing, an aid of history,
i. 47
Pindar, odes of, ii. 121
Pizarro and Almagro conquer
Peru, v. 285; their death, 287
Plague in Rome, ii. 323
Platea, battle of, i. 252; siege of,
274
Platæans, the, i. 238
Plato's opinions of Lycurgus, i.
163, 228; visits Sicily, iii. 20;
writes the doctrine of Socrates,
ii. 167; the Platonic philo-
sophy, 173
Plautus, plays of, iii. 146
Pliny, his philosophy and criti-
cism, ii. 104, iii. 164, 167
the younger, writings and
administration of, iii. 138, 164
Plutarch, the works of, ii. 150;
iii. 132
Pluto, account of, i. 114
Poetry, its earliest objects, i. 49
Poets of Greece, ii. 113
Poggio, the Florentine, v. 37, 169
Polybius, an accurate historian,
ii. 145
Polysperchon, ii. 48
Pompey, Cnæus, Roman com-
mander, iii. 76; he joins Sylla,
80; distinguished in command,
83; is defeated by Julius Cæsar,
107; is slain in Egypt, 109
sons of, their wars, iii.
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115
Pontius, victorious Samnite, iii. 4
Poplicola, Publius Valerius, ii. 247
Porphyry and Philo, i. 90; iv. 11
Porsenna, king of Etruria, ii. 249
Portugal, revolution, vi. 207; con-
stitution of, 209
Portuguese, their nautical disco-
veries, i. 21, vi. 288
Posthumius, Roman consul, iii.
57
Prætor, the Roman, office of, ii.
320
Praxiteles, Athenian sculptor, i.
311, ii. 99
Presbyterians, the, v. 260
Priesthood, the ancient heathen,
i. 57; promoters of science, 60
Printing, art of, invented by John
Guttenburg, v. 171
Procles, descendant of Hercules,
i. 157
Proteus, fable explained, i. 115
Protogenes, painter, ii. 108
Psammeticus, reign of, i. 71, 84
Ptolemy, Auletes, iii. 110
Lagus, narrative of, v.
329; geography of, 330
Philadelphus, iv. 7
I. Lagus, king of Egypt,
Philadelphus, ii. 40
Euergetes, ii. 42
Pulcheria, daughter of Theodo-
sius, governs at Constantinople,
iv. 30, 33
Pultowa, defeat of Charles XII.
at, vi. 265
Punjab, the, v. 329
Punic wars, first, iii. 31; second,
50; third, 58
Purple dye of Tyre, 94
Pydna, battle of, ii. 63
Pyramids, description of the, i.
74
Pyrrho and the Sceptics, ii. 184
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, ii. 53,
iii. 6, 25, 168
Pythagoras, i. 80; school of, 154;
his transmigration of the soul,
ii. 159
Quebec founded, v. 293
Quesne, du, French Admiral, vi.
231
Raffaelle d'Urbino, the most ex-
cellent painter of the Italian
school, ii. 96, v. 303
Raleigh, Sir Walter, colonises
Virginia. v. 294; expedition to
Guiana, and death of, vi. 110;
history written by, 302
Ramillies, Marshal Villeroy de-
feated at, vi. 239
Ravenna, Odoacer besieged in, iv.
39
Reformation, the, in England, v.
244, 261; writings of Wicliffe,
261; the Lollards, 261; Henry
VIII., 262; Edward VI., 267;
increase of Protestantism, 267;
Elizabeth establishes the Pro-
testant religion, 269
Regulus attacks Carthage, iii. 33;
his embassy and devotion, 34;
death, 36
Religion, the first ideas of, i.
52; of China, iii. 18, 21; of
Egypt, i. 67, 80, 86; of
Greece and Rome, i. 112, ii.
196, 206, 214, 221, 229; of
Brama in India, v. 333; of the
Scandinavians, iv. 51; the Ma-
hometan, iv. 47
Republics :-Athens, i. 150, 182;
Lacedæmon, 169; Thebes, 298;
Rome, ii. 233, 244, et seq.
Retz, cardinal de, vi. 139, 218
Rhodes, the Colossus destroyed,
iv. 99
Richard, duke of Normandy, iv.
208
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