Richard I., king of England, reign
of, iv. 226. Vide Crusades.
II., v. 71; assassinated in
Pontefract Castle, v. 72

III., crimes of, v. 121;
crowned, 121; death on Bos-
worth Field, 122
Richelieu, cardinal, vi. 197; re-
pels Buckingham, 199; sur-
render of Rochelle, 200; estab-
lishes the French Academy,
202, 213, 217
Robert, duke of Normandy, iv.
210

high steward of Scotland,
A B 2
succeeds to the throne on the
death of king David, v. 129
III. of Scotland, v. 130
Rodolph of Hapsburg, v. 29. Vide
Germany.

II. of Germany, vi. 211
Rollo, conquests of the Norman
chief, iv. 168

Rome, ancient, i. 14, ii. 195-

324, iii. 1-324, iv. 1-47;
kings, consuls, generals, are
found in the tabular order of
names; many chief events and
customs follow here :- -the
Roman ædiles, ii. 322; the
Æqui, ii. 282, 301, iii. 5; agra-
rian law, disputes regarding an,
ii. 271, 277; the Albans and
Fidenates, ii. 217; the Aventine
Mount, ii. 282; augurs and
aruspices, ii. 207; books of
Numa, ii. 212; quarrel of C. J.
Cæsar and C. Pompey, iii. 85;
dictatorship of Cæsar, iii. 112;
his death, 119; candidates, ii.
303; defeats of Cannæ and
Thrasymenus, iii. 42; accession
of Capua to the state, iii. 2;
war with the Carthaginians, ii.

263, iii. 11, 31; Romans de-
stroy Carthage, iii. 61; censors,
ii. -304; census, ii. 229; cen-
turies and classes, ii. 226, 268,
275; civil dissensions of the
patrician and popular parties, ii.
251, 254, 263; the civil war of
Cæsar and the great Roman pa-
triots, iii. 102; the cloaca, ii.
220; the comitia, ii. 228, 244,
274, 275; commonwealth and
consuls, ii. 237, 245, et seq. iii.
210-231; conquests in Asia,
iii. 52; in Greece and Macedo-
nia, iii. 51, 57, 61; conspiracy
of Catiline, iii. 87; constitution,
iii. 233, 236 et passim; Ro-
mans destroy Corinth, iii. 61;
customs, ii. 213; dictators, ii.
252, 282 et passim; decemviri,
ii. 279, 285, 292; disregard of
treaties, ii. 240; divination and
augury, ii. 196, 206; embellish-
ment of the city, ii. 220, iii.
118; the equites, ii. 205; the
Etruscans, or Etrurians, ii. 195,
249, 316; fasts, ii. 216; the
flamen, ii. 214; foundation of
the city, ii. 201; sedition of the
Gracchi, iii. 63; wars with the
Gauls, ii. 315; city destroyed by
Brennus, ii. 317; heroic deeds,
ii. 249; consternation at Rome
on the approach of Hannibal,
iii. 43; temple of Janus, ii. 217;
the Jugurthine war, iii. 71;
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, ii.
221; the Roman kings, ii. 201
-241; the Latins, ii. 199, iii.
2; laws and institutions, ii. 206
-216, 224-243, 248, 286,
iii. 287; lectisternium, cere-
mony of superstition, ii. 310;
defeat of Lepidus, iii. 83; litera

286; the Veientes, ii. 211, 247;
siege of their city Veii, ii. 308;
temple of Vesta, ii. 215; Vestal
virgins, ii. 215; law of Volero,
ii. 274; wars against the Vol-
scians, ii. 223, 266; warfare,
tactics, and art of besieging and
defence, iii. 187-205
Rome:-the empire founded; Oc-
tavius reigns, with the style of
Augustus, iii. 130, 233; reign
of Tiberius [the Christian era],
iii. 242; Caligula, 248; Clau-
dius, 251; Nero, 254; Galba,
259, 264; Otho, 259; Vitel-
lius, 261; Vespasian, 263;
Titus, 264; Domitian, 268;
Nerva, 269; Trajan, 270;
Adrian, 273; Antoninus Pius,
277; the Antonines, 276;
Marcus Aurelius, 278; Com-
modus, 283; S. Severus, 285;
Caracalla, 289; Aurelian, 291;
Diocletian, 291; Maximian,
293; Constantine the Great,
294; he changes the seat of
empire to Byzantium, 297;
Constantius, 309; Julian, 311;
Jovian, 317; Valentinian and
Valens, 319; Theodosius the
Great, 323; final establishment
of Christianity in the Roman
empire, iv. 1. For the Lower
Greek, or Eastern Empire of the
Romans, vide Constantinople.

ture, iii. 141; atrocities of
Marius, Cinna, and Sylla, iii.
77-83; marriage laws, ii. 302;
summary of the Roman man-
ners, iii. 168-186; the citizens
retire to the Mons Sacer, ii. 256
-264; navy, iii. 32, 206-
209; war betwixt Octavius and
Mark Antony, iii. 127; omens,
ii. 207; origin of the people, ii.
195; the Palatine Hill, ii. 247;
the Papirian code, ii. 288; pa-
tricians, patres, or senators, ii.
204; patrons, ii. 172, 210;
philosophy, iii. 161; the plague,
ii. 310, 323; the pontifices, ii.
219; power of the urban præ-
tors, ii. 320; war against Pyr-
rhus the Epirot, iii. 6; religion
of heathen Rome, ii. 206, 229;
revolutions of Lucius Junius
Brutus against the kings, ii.
231; of Virginius against the
decemvirate, ii. 295; of Cæsar
against the Republics, iii. 104,
112; of Marcus Brutus to re-
store liberty, iii. 119; wars
against the Sabines, ii. 202-
218, 280; against the Samnites,
iii. 1-4; the Salii, ii. 215;
senate of Rome, ii. 219-236;
its contests with the plebeians,
ii. 253-276, 307; the war in
Sicily, iii. 32 et seq.; the Social
war, iii. 76; siege of Syracuse

29; treaty with the Goths, 29,
30; causes of the Roman weak-
ness and success of the barba-
rian hordes, 38; the Western
Empire terminated with Augus-
tulus, 37; Odoacer becoming
king of Italy, 37; the city taken
by Belisarius, 44; rebuilt by
Totila, 45; defended against
the Saracens, 182

Rome, Modern, iv. 69; the new
empire of the West, 128; affairs
of the church and progress of
the Papal dominion, 10, 133,
148, 151, 155, 158; Pope Ni-
cholas, 171; Joan, 173; tem-
poral dominions of the papacy,
iv. 110, 187; Leo III. crowns
Charlemagne in Rome, 133;
Gregory IV., 161; its consuls in
the time of pope Leo IV., 170;
claim of spiritual rule in Chris-
tendom, 171; succession of popes
from Sergius III. to John XIX.,
186-188; absolute power of
popes Gregory IX. and Innocent
IV., 281; John XXII., v. 34;
the popes in Avignon, 35; Cle-
ment VII. and John XXIII., 36;
the reformation of the church;
Huss, Jerome of Prague, and
Wickliffe, 36-38
Romulus, reign of, ii. 201
Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, ii.
33, 50

Rubens, florid style of, v. 309
Rufinus, minister of Arcadius,
slain, iv. 24

Rupert, prince, at Worcester and

Edge-hill, vi. 128, 213, 214
Russia, invasion of the Roman
empire by Muscovites or Rus-
sians, iv. 170; dominions de-
scribed, vi. 253; the czars ac-

quire Novogorod and Moscow,
254; Alexis Michaelowitz, 255;
victories of Jermack over the
Tartar nations, 255; Sophia,
daughter of Phædor, 255; Peter
the Great, 256; the Strelitzes,
or militia, 256, 259; he creates
a fleet and defeats the Turks in
the Black Sea, 257; visits Eng-
land, 257, 258; raises an army,
259; opposed to the hero of
Sweden, 260; wars, 261; he
is defeated at Narva, 262; is
victorious at Pultowa, 265; his
designs, 273; the Turks support
the cause of Charles, 266; and
surround Peter, who capitulates,
267; his designs against Persia,
273; Alexis Petrowitz opposes
his father's reforms, and is put
to death by Peter, 273; the
empress Catharine, 274
Ruyter, admiral de, vi. 141, 229,
231
Ryswick, peace of, vi. 235

Sabatei Sevi, the impostor, vi. 227
Sabines, the, Italian nation, ii. 202,

210, 212, 218, 280
Sacerdotal order of Rome, iv. 13
Sacred war, the, i. 315
Saguntum, siege of, iii. 38, 40
Saladin, the Saracen, iv. 295
Salamis, sea fight of, i. 249
Sallust, histories of, iii. 151
Salmanazar, the captivity under, i.

210

Salvianus, bishop of Marseilles,
iv. 68

Samnites, the, Italian nation, iii.
1, 2
Samnium, city of, iii. 1
Sanchoniatho, earliest profane
writer, i. 11, 90

Sanscrit language, the, v. 333
Sapores I. and II., Parthian or

Persian monarchs; inroads into
the Eastern empire, iii. 299,
310; is attacked in Assyria by
Julian, 316
Saracens, their empire, i. 17, iv.

181; they occupy Sicily, 182;
besiege Rome, 182, iv. 98; they
subdue the Visigoths in Spain,
178

Sardanapalus, i. 31, 32
Sardis, in Lydia, i. 236
Sarmatians, their inroad into Mo-

sia and Pannonia, iii. 310
Saturn, tradition of, i. 114
Savage nations, condition of, 110
Saxons establish their government
in Britain, iv. 34
Scanderbeg, his success against the
Turks, v. 87

Scandinavia, genius and institu-
tions of the Gothic nations, iv.
48-65; religion of the Scan-
dinavians, 51

v. 48; invasions by Edward I.,
v. 46; reign of Malcolm IV.,
49; William the Lion, 49, 209;
king David, 253; Alexander III.
50;
his contested succession,
50; Baliol and Bruce, 50; Wil-
liam Wallace opposes Edward,
53; Robert Bruce, 57; battle
of Bannockburn, 59; reigns of
the kings of the house of Stuart,
127 et seq.; James IV. slain at
Flodden, 139-141; James V.,
142; queen Mary, misfortunes
of, 146 et seq.; king James VI.,
vi. 97; his succession to the
English throne, 108
Scriptures, the Holy, are the ori-
gin of history, i. 11, 37, 64;
heathen mythology copied the
chief personages of the Mosaic
history, 114; the Septuagint,
iv. 7

Sciences, invention of, i. 57;
transmission of, 63; in Egypt,
79, 201; their origin, vi. 27;
progress of science and litera-
ture to the 18th century, v. 153
-174, 197, vi. 276-304
Scipio, triumphs of S. Africanus,
iii. 50; accusation and defence,
53; his retirement, 168
Scipio Asiaticus, iii. 51-56
Emilianus, iii. 60

Publius, campaign and death
of, iii. 41, 42
Scotia, Nova, colony of the Eng-
lish, v. 294
Scotland, ancient constitution of,
i. 21; the Caledonians and
Scots, iv. 34, 195; reigns of
Donald Bane and Alexander I.,

Sculpture, Grecian, ii. 96
Sculptures, ancient, copied on
coins, i. 52

Scylax, his expedition to the Indus,
v. 329
Scythia invaded by Darius, i. 216,

225

Scythians, their immigration from
Asia into Europe, iv. 49
Sebastian, Don, king of Portugal,
vi. 57

Sects, religious, arising subsequent
to the Reformation, v. 257 et
seq.

Seleucidæ, era of the, ii. 38
Seleucus, reign of, ii. 37; he ex-
tends his authority over India,
v. 329

Selim I., v. 318

II. takes Cyprus, v. 319
Semiramis, splendour and power
of, i. 31