IN THREE VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

MATERIALISM IN ANTIQUITY.
THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION.

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

VOL. II.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

MODERN PHILOSOPHY.

THE NATURAL SCIENCES.

VOL. III.

THE NATURAL SCIENCES-Continued.

MAN AND THE SOUL.

MORALITY AND RELIGION.

AND

CRITICISM OF ITS PRESENT

IMPORTANCE.

BY

FREDERICK ALBERT LANGE,

LATE PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITIES OF ZURICH AND MARBURG.

Authorized Translation

BY

ERNEST CHESTER THOMAS,

LATE SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD.

IN THREE VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

TRÜBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL.

1880.

[All rights reserved.]

112.23 4274t

V. 2

LIBRARY OF THE

LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY.

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Ballantyne Press

BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

NOV 6 1900

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

First Book-(continued).

HISTORY OF MATERIALISM UNTIL KANT.

FOURTH SECTION.—The Eighteenth Century.

CHAPTER I.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH MATERIALISM IN FRANCE AND

GERMANY

Pp. 3-48

England the classical land of Materialism, and of the union of religious

faith and Materialism, 3. English Materialists in the eighteenth

century: Hartley, 4; Priestley, 7. Scepticism in France: La Mothe

le Vayer, 9; Pierre Bayle, 10. Beginning of intellectual inter-

course between England and France, 11. Voltaire, 12. His activity

in favour of the Newtonian philosophy, 13. His attitude towards

Materialism, 17. Shaftesbury, 19. Diderot, 23; his relation to

Materialism, 24. Transition to Robinet and his modification of

Materialism, 29. Intellectual condition of Germany, 32. Influence

of Descartes and Spinoza, 34. Influence of Englishmen, 36. The

'Correspondence on the Nature of the Soul,' 37. Various traces of

Materialism, 47.

CHAPTER II.

DE LA METTRIE

Pp. 49-91

Rectification of the chronology, 49. Biographical, 54. The 'Natural

History of the Soul,' 56. The hypothesis of Arnobius and Condillac's

Statue, 62. L'Homme Machine,' 63. Lamettrie's character, 77.

His theory of morals, 80. His death, 90.

CHAPTER III.

'THE SYSTEM OF NATURE'

Pp. 92-123

The leaders of the literary movement in France, and their relation to

Materialism, 92. Cabanis and the materialistic physiology, 93.

The System of Nature: general character, 93. Its author, Baron

d'Holbach, 94. Holbach's other writings, 95. His ethic, 96. Con-

tents of the work; the anthropological portion and the general

foundations of the study of nature, 97. Necessity in the moral

world; relations to the French Revolution, 102. 'Order and dis-

order are not in Nature;' Voltaire's polemic against this principle,

104. Consequences of Materialism through the Association of Ideas,

106. Results for the conception of the aesthetic, 107. Diderot's

conception of the Beautiful, 108. The justification of ethical and

æsthetic ideas, 109. Holbach's attack upon the Immateriality of

the Soul, III. Remark as to Berkeley, 112. Attempt at a physio-

logical basis for morals, 113. Political passages, 114.

part of the work: attack upon the idea of God, 115.

morality, 119. General possibility of Atheism, 121.

the work, 122.

The second

Religion and

Conclusion of

CHAPTER IV.

THE REACTION AGAINST MATERIALISM IN GERMANY

Pp. 124-150

The philosophy of Leibnitz as an attempt to surmount Materialism,

124. Popular effect and true sense of philosophical principles; his

doctrine of the Immateriality of the Soul, 127. Optimism and its

relation to the mechanical theory, 131. Doctrine of Innate Ideas,

132. Wolff's philosophy and the doctrine of the Simplicity of the

Soul, 133. Animal Psychology, 134. Writings against Materialism,

135. The insufficiency of the School-philosophy as against Materi-

alism, 141. Materialism displaced by the ideal effort of the

eighteenth century, 142. Reform of the Schools from the beginning

of the century, 143. The search for the Ideal, 146. Influence of

Spinozism, 147. Goethe's Spinozism and his judgment of the

System of Nature, 148.