eight corps of cavalry, the troops of the kings Agrippa and | tianus, who was guilty of more than one conspiracy against Sohemus, the auxiliaries of King Antiochus of Commagene, his brother. He gained all hearts by his extreme affability, and a small body of Arabs. After a long siege, Jerusalem was which however was always accompanied by dignity; and taken by storm; the whole population, more than 600,000 he delighted the Roman people with splendid entertainmen, was massacred; and the remainder of the Jews were ments, giving them amongst others the spectacle of five dispersed over the world (2nd of September, 70 A.D.). thousand wild beasts fighting with each other in the Colos[JERUSALEM.] In this memorable siege Titus distinguished seum, or Flavian amphitheatre, which was finished by his himself both as a general and as a soldier, and it is said order, the construction of it having been commenced under that he killed twelve men of the garrison with his own Vespasianus. hand. In the same year Titus was created Cæsar by Vespasianus, whose colleague he was in his first consulship; and he was again consul in 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, and 79. Vespasianus however recalled his son from Judæa. A rumour was spread that Titus secretly aimed at making himself master of the East, and this rumour had reached Vespasianus. So universally was Titus beloved, that the army implored him either to stay with them, or at least not to go without them; but he obeyed the command of his father, and by his speedy return proved that those rumours were entirely unfounded. He celebrated a triumph together with Vespasianus, for their victories over the Jews, in commemoration of which a triumphal arch was erected, which is still one of the finest monuments of that kind existing at Rome. Titus was likewise tribune with his father, who esteemed him so much, that he allowed him not only to write letters in his name, but also to draw up the imperial edicts. (Suetonius, Titus, 6.) During the reign of Vespasianus, various high functions were successively conferred upon Titus, whose character however seems to have been somewhat altered by the influence of the general corruption of the capital. He was charged with acting rashly; he subjected himself to the reproach of having ordered the murder of Caecina, which was an act of cruelty, for though Caecina was guilty of treason, he had not been legally sentenced (Suetonius, Titus, 6); and he was generally reproached for taking money from those who solicited his intercession with the emperor. On the other side however he remonstrated with his father on those measures which this very economical prince adopted for the purpose of improving the finances, which were exhausted by the dissipation of Vitellius. He was also charged with love of women. But he ordered Berenice, who had followed him to Rome, to go back to Judæa, and he thus proved once more that his passion for her did not prevent him from doing his duty. The consequence of all this was, that the Romans, who, by the example of Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, knew that the virtue of exalted men is exposed to great temptations and strange changes, feared that Titus would become a new proof of the truth of their experience. But no sooner did Titus become emperor by the death of Vespasianus, in 79 A.D., than he showed that all these fears were unfounded. His virtuous conduct was the subject of general admiration. During his short reign the empire was visited by great calamities. An eruption of Vesuvius destroyed the towns of Herculanum, Stabiae, and Pompeii, and carried ruin over the fertile coast of Campania (August 79 A.D.) [PLINY]; in 80 A.D. a conflagration broke out in Rome, which lasted three days, and destroyed a great part of this city; the buildings on the Campus Martius, the Capitol, the library of Octavianus, were laid in ruins, and the Pantheon was damaged [ROME]; and no sooner had the people recovered from their consternation than a plague broke out, of which 10,000 persons died every day. Titus supported his unhappy subjects with the greatest liberality; he exhausted his treasures, and he ordered the property and estates of those who had perished without leaving heirs, to be distributed among the sufferers, although the property of such persons belonged to the fiscus, or the emperor's private purse. His liberality was so great that his friends reproached him for it; he answered, that it was not just that anybody should leave the emperor with a sorrowful eye. He punished severely and exiled to the small barren islands in the Mediterranean those who followed the profession of false accusers [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO]; and he disliked the punishment of death so much, that he used to say he would rather die than cause the death of others. Two patricians conspired against him, but he did not punish them: he only said, 'Do not do it again; Providence alone distributes crowns' (Suetonius, Titus, 9); and he then invited them to accompany him to the amphitheatre. He acted with the same generosity towards his brother Domi During the reign of Titus, Agricola restored tranquillity to Britain, and penetrated as far as the Frith of Tay. (80 A.D.) In the following year he constructed the wall between the rivers Glota and Bodotria (the Frith of Clyde and the Frith of Forth), in order to protect Britain against the invasions of the Caledonians. In order to recover his broken health Titus retired, in 81 A.D., to a villa in the neighbourhood of Reate, which belonged to his family, and where Vespasianus had died. Here he was attacked by acute fever, and died on the 13th of September, 81 A.D. It was said that his brother Domitianus, who had accompanied him to Reate, had been the cause of his death by advising the use of improper remedies. On his death-bed Titus exclaimed that he died without regret, except for one act, which however he did not specify. The news of his death reached Rome in the evening, and the senators assembled in the same night, anxious to know each other's hopes and fears with regard to the unworthy successor of Titus, Domitianus. The consternation of the people was general, for they had lost him to whom they had given the name of the delight of the human race." (Josephus, Jewish War, vi. 6, &c.; Dion Cassius, lxvi. 18, &c.; Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, 10; Eutropius, vii. 14.) British Museum. Actual Size. Copper. Weight, 393-7 grains. TITUS, EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL TO. Little is known of the personal history of Titus, to whom this Epistle is addressed. His name is not even mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles,' and all authentic information about him is derived from the Epistles of St. Paul. From these it appears that Titus was converted by St. Paul, by whom he is called his own son after the common faith' (i. 4), but when and where is not recorded. Accordingly there are various conjectures on this subject. This we know for certain, that Titus was (Acts, xv.; Gal., ii.) with St. Paul in Antioch before the first Council was holden at Jerusalem, and that he was one of the party sent by the church at Antioch to consult the Apostles at Jerusalem, on the question whether it was necessary for the Gentile converts to submit to circumcision after the manner of Moses.' To this rite the Judaising Christians at Jerusalem were anxious that Titus should submit ; but St. Paul (Gal., ii.) informs us that he firmly refused to do so. After the Council, it would seem that Titus returned with St. Paul to Antioch, and subsequently accompanied him on some of his travels. At any rate, from the expression in 2 Cor., viii. 23, it appears almost certain that Titus assisted St. Paul in preaching the Gospel at Corinth. From 1 Cor., xvi. 8, compared with 2 Cor., vii., it is not improbable that Titus was also with St. Paul during his long residence at Ephesus (Acts, xix. 10), and that he was selected to be the bearer of the first Epistle to the Corinthians, which was written by St. Paul at Ephesus. On his return from Corinth, whatever might be the occasion of the visit alluded to in 2 Cor., vii., Titus met St. Paul in Macedonia, and gave him such an account of the Corinthian church, and of the effect produced by his first letter to it, as gave Bill very slender, acutely conic; the tip of the upper mandible with an obsolete notch; base with a few weak bristles. Wings lengthened, pointed; the three first quills nearly equal. Tail nearly even; the feathers ending in soft points. Feet as in Setophaga. Example, Sylvicola minuta. Mr. Swainson refers, for a figure and description of this species, to Zool. Ill.,' i., pl. 139. At the place referred to we find the Grey-backed Warbler, Sylvia plumbea, with the following description and figure: Description.-Blue-grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-coverts tipped with white. him ine nighest satisfaction. (2 Cor., vii. 6-13.) Titus | Vermivora, under the genus Sylvicola (Fly-catching also appears to have been the bearer of the Apostle's Warblers) second letter to the Corinthians, when he was charged to excite them to finish their collections for the poor converts in Judæa, which they had begun during his former visit. From A.D. 58, when we suppose him to have been the bearer of St. Paul's second epistle to the Corinthians, to A.D. 62, we hear nothing of him: in the latter year, in all probability he was left by St. Paul in Crete, 'to set in order the things that were wanting, and to ordain elders in every city. (Titus, i. 4.) This year was the date of St. Paul's release from his first confinement at Rome, when he is supposed to have touched at Crete, and made some converts there, on his way from Italy to Judæa. Subsequently to this, Titus was requested by St. Paul (iii. 12) to visit him at Nicopolis in Epirus, and it seems that he was also with him during his second residence at Rome. (2 Timothy, iv. 10.) We have no certain information as to the time and place of Titus's death; but according to an antient tradition, he lived to the age of ninety-four years, and died and was buried in Crete. The date of the Epistle has been a subject of much controversy, some placing it as early as A.D. 52, and others as late as A.D. 65. From the striking verbal resemblances between it and the first epistle to Timothy, it is not improbable that they were written about the same time, and while the same ideas and phrases were present to the author's mind. The genuineness and authenticity of the Epistle have never been disputed. St. Paul's design in writing it was to instruct Titus in the discharge of the duties of his ministry as head of the church in Crete. Accordingly in chap. 1. he gives Titus instructions concerning the ordination of elders, who were to be appointed for every city, and describes what qualifications they should possess, and also directs him to oppose the Judaising teachers of Christianity, who seem to have been numerous in the island. In chap. ii. St. Paul informs Titus what precepts he was to inculcate, according to the age and circumstances of those whom he had to teach, and admonishes him to show himself a pattern of all good works, and an example of the doctrines which he taught. In chap. iii. he teaches Titus to inculcate obedience to principalities and powers, in opposition to the Jews, who thought it an indignity to submit to idolatrous magistrates; and also that he should enforce gentleness and meekness towards all men. He then concludes with a request that Titus would inculcate the necessity of good works, and avoid foolish questions; an injunction of the same kind as St. Paul gave to Timothy. For the undesigned coincidences between this Epistle and the Acts of the Apostles,' see Paley, Horæ Paulinæ,' pp. 357-367. See also Horne's Introduction to the Critical Study of the Scriptures,' vol. iv., p. 387; Macknight on the New Testament, vol. iii.; Collyer's Sacred Interpreter.' 6 6 TIT-WARBLERS, Mr. Swainson's name for a subgenus of his subfamily Pariance [TITMICE], and considered by him as the second or typical division of the whole group. The species of this subgenus (Sylvicola) are, he observes, the true Tit-Warblers of America, so closely resembling the Worm-eaters (Vermivora, Sw.), that many writers have placed both in the same genus; but they may, he remarks, be readily detected by a slightly-arched bill, notched near the end of the upper mandible. The slender structure of their feet, the pointed form of their wings, and the scattered weak bristles of the mouth,' says Mr. Swainson in continuation, suggest the idea that the mode of catching their prey must not be unlike that adopted by the true flycatchers, and such accordingly turns out to be the fact; they are, in short, lively, active, gaily-coloured little birds, continually hunting after sedentary insects, and pursuing such as fly from bough to bough; their habits thus forming a singular union of those of the Wood-Warbler, the Tits, and the Flycatchers: so close indeed is this analogy, that Meyer has confounded them with the first, Linnæus and Buffon with the second, and even Wilson considers some as belonging to the third of these families. Nor was the great American ornithoogist very far from the truth, since they actually pass into a subgenus which certainly would stand in the old Linnæan group of Muscicapa.' (Classification of Birds.) The following is Mr. Swainson's definition of the subgenus Sylvicola, placed by him between Dumecola and Mr. Swainson states that this bird is a native of Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater. Grey-backed Warbler. (Swainson.) Mr. Swainson also refers to Sylvicola pusilla, Wil., pl. 38, f. 3. TIVERTON, a borough and market-town in the hundred of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Exe and Loman, 169 miles south-west of London, and 14 miles north of Exeter. It derives its name (formerly Twyfordton, and now, by an easy gradual alteration, Tiverton) from its situation between the two antient fords, through the Exe on the west, and the Loman on the east. The hundred of Tiverton is described in Domesday Book under the head of Terra Regis, or land belonging to the king, held by several persons during the reign of Edward the Confessor as vassals of the crown. Soon after the Norman invasion these lands were held by Baldwin de Brionis, who had married Albreda, the niece of William the Conqueror, and was created by him hereditary earl of Devon: they descended to his son, Richard de Brionis; and at his death, in 1100, without male issue, the manor and lordship were given by Henry I. to Richard Rivers, who was also created earl of Devon; and, in 1106, built Tiverton Castle for his residence. In 1293 the manor came into the possession of Hugh de Courtenay, second baron of Okehampton, created earl of Devon, in whose family it continued until 1466, when Henry Courtenay being attainted of treason, and beheaded on the 4th of March, his possessions were given to Sir Humphry Stafford, of Southwick, who was however also executed on the 17th of August following; and during the wars of the Roses and the succeeding convulsions the estates frequently changed owners. On the accession of Henry VII., in 1485, the house of Courtenay was again restored; and about the commencement of the sixteenth century William Courtenay married Catharine, seventh and youngest daughter of Edward IV., who survived him seventeen years, and lived during her widowhood in the castle of Tiverton: she was buried in the church adjoining. She was succeeded by her son and grandson, at whose death, in 1556, the lordship and manor were divided between the heirs of the four sisters of Edward, his great-grandfather; and soon after so subdivided, that when Risdon wrote, in 1630, there were then forty parts or shares, the principal of which came into possession of the Wests; and by the marriage of Dorothy, the heiress of that family, to Sir Thomas Carew, of Haccombe, in 1759, the family of Carew succeeded to the lordship and manor, which is now held by Sir Walter Palk Carew, Bart., together with the castle and adjoining estate, with a fe other farms in fee, and different undivided eighths of many other lands in the parish. Tiverton is supposed to be one of the largest boroughs in the kingdom, being about eleven miles in length, and nearly ten in breadth: the area is 20,000 acres, and it contains, according to the census of 1841, 1930 inhabited and 109 uninhabited houses; having a population of 10,041 inhabitants, 4648 males and 5393 females. The country on the west and north sides is very hilly and well wooded. The town is pleasantly situated on rising ground between the Exe and Loman, and is well watered by a brook called the Town Leat, which rises about 5 miles north of the town, and was given, about 1260, by the then countess of Devon, for the use of the inhabitants. On the west side of the river Exe is a large suburb called Westex, very densely populated, and principally inhabited by operatives. One of the greatest attractions of the town is the trout-pulation, and as serges were supplanted in Holland by fishing in the two rivers. On the east side of the town is the Tiverton branch of the Great Western Canal, by which limestone, coal, culm, coke, &c. are imported. The parish church, or at least part of it, was first built in 1073; consecrated by Leofricus, first bishop of Exeter; and enlarged and improved at various times by the families of Rivers and Courtenay previous to the fifteenth century. Between 1517 and 1529 John Greenway, an eminent merchant, rebuilt and enlarged the whole of the south aisle and south front, together with the elegant chapel bearing his name; and also erected the fine Gothic screen which separates the chancel from the body of the church. The south front and porch (of which an engraving appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine'), together with Greenway's Chapel, have lately been rebuilt, and the whole of the church new seated. It is a fine Gothic pile, 136 feet long and 82 feet wide; and the tower is 27 feet square at the base and 116 feet high. St. George's Chapel, which was finished in 1730, is of the Doric order, and situated in a large yard in the centre of the town. The tithes of the whole parish were granted, in 1146, by Baldwin de Rivers to the Cluniac monks at Exeter; but the parish was afterwards divided; for in 1257, as appears by the episcopal registers at Exeter, there were, as at present, four quarters, or ecclesiastical portions, viz., three rectories (Clare, Pitt, and Tidcombe), and an impropriation (Priors), which Henry VI. gave to the provost and fellows of King's College, Cambridge, who still retain the tithes, and appoint a stipendiary curate to perform a fourth part of the duty, although they deny their liability to do so. The tithes have lately been commuted: Clare at 565.; Pitt, 8507.; Tidcombe, 731. 10s.; Priors, 4007.; and certain small detached pieces of land, technically called All Fours,' 661. | ants, whereas in 1591 the population had increased to 5000; and Dunsford states, on the authority of Risdon and Chapple, that it was the principal place in Devonshire for the making of kersies, which were known all over the kingdom as Tiverton Kerzies,' and generally sent to the London market. In 1612, 8000 persons were constantly employed in the manufacture of woollen cloth, and the annual returns of the trade exceeded 300,000/.; but an extensive fire shortly afterwards destroyed property to the amount of a quarter of a million, the operatives were dispersed over the country, and the town never recovered its former prosperity. After this the trade in kersies gradually declined; but in 1690 the manufacture of mixed worsted serges was established, and by 1715 there was again a population of 8700, with a trade returning 350,0007. annually. In 1741 an epidemic fever scattered the pothe Norwich stuffs, the manufacturers engaged in making common duroys, &c., for the Spanish and Italian markets. In 1756 there were 56 fulling-mills regularly employed, but the French revolution, and the long wars consequent upon it, put an end to the foreign trade, and the improvement of machinery in Yorkshire has taken away the woollen manufacture. In 1790 however a large building was erected in Westex for a cotton-mill, but finally converted into a manufactory for spinning wool, which was afterwards woven into coarse fabrics for the East India Company. This undertaking did not answer, and it was shut up in 1815. In 1816 Mr. Heathcoat of Loughborough, in consequence of the Luddite disturbances in that neighbourhood, removed to it with his beautiful machinery for making bobbin-net, for which he had obtained a patent in 1808, and many successive improvements having been made on it, the trade is still carried on to the great benefit of the town. It gives permanent employment to above 900 persons, besides temporary employment to several hundred girls and women. There is The venerable remains of the old castle of the Riverses and Courtenays stand on an eminence near the Exe; some parts of the building are still in pretty good preservation, and might with a little repair last for several ages, but a considerable part of it was pulled down about a century since, and a modern house erected on its site. also a spacious market-place, erected in 1830, with a suite of rooms for assemblies, several dissenting chapels, a theatre, union workhouse, and bridewell, which is about to be pulled down, and a building on an improved plan erected in lieu of it. Soon after the fire of 1612, James I. incorporated Tiverton by the title of mayor and burgesses, but the elective franchise then conferred was confined to the corporate body (25 in number), and continued in that state until the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, under which the constituency is about 500. The castle was bombarded and taken by General Fairfax in 1645, when Sir Gilbert Talbot was the governor. Cosway the painter was a native of Tiverton, and painted an altar-piece of Peter delivered out of Prison,' which he presented to the parish, and it was placed in the church in 1777; the celebrated Bampfylde Moore Carew, the gipsy king, who lived a century ago, was a son of the rector of Bickleigh, an adjoining parish, and ran away from Blundell's school to join the gipsies. Although nearly related to the most respectable families of the western counties, nothing could induce him to give up his connection with this singular people, and his adventures, dictated by him to Mrs. Goadby of Sherborne, and which have been very frequently republished, contain an amusing account of his vagabondism. There are still many richly-endowed charities in Tiver ton. Blundell's free grammar-school was founded by Peter Blundell, merchant, in 1599: the income has increased, owing to the rise in the value of land, from under 100l. to about 12007. per annum. There is now a surplus income of 5007. or 6007. a year. There are several fellowships, scholarships, and exhibitions connected with this school at Cambridge and Oxford. There is also a free English school, founded in 1609 by Robert Comyn, alias Chilcott, the nephew of Blundell. A blue-coat or charity school, where a number of poor children of both sexes are educated and clothed, has lately been erected in lieu of an old building, and it is supported by various bequests. There is also a national school, just built, which is supported by voluntary contributions; and an elegant school is now being erected in Westex, to be put under the direction of the British and Foreign School Society. Among the miscellaneous charities are Greenway's almshouses, founded in 1517, for the support of five poor men, with eight pence The principal market is on Tuesday, and is very abundweekly for each; but the revenues are now so much aug-antly supplied with live cattle, corn, meat, poultry, vegemented that there are eleven houses the inmates of which tables, and fruit; there is another smaller market on receive five shillings per week each, and ten of which the Saturdays, and two fairs. There is an anniversary meeting inmates have four shillings, and four additional almshouses of the trustees and other gentlemen educated at the are now being built. There is also an excellent charity, grammar-school about the last week in August, and on the founded by Walter Tyrrel in 1568, the proceeds of which two following days there are races over a very excellent are employed in repairing Exe bridge, and the overplus course, in the castle meadows adjoining the town. The distributed weekly in bread. There are many others of borough is divided into three wards: Westex ward, Castle less importance; and it has been said that if all the ward, and Loman ward, and the municipal body consists charitable donations had been properly looked after, there of six aldermen and eighteen councillors, out of whom the would not at present be any need of a poor-rate. mayor is chosen; the recorder is, as in other cases, nominated by the crown; he holds a session four times a year, and is the judge of the court of record for debts The woollen trade of Tiverton was formerly very extensive. From 1560 to 1566 there were only 2500 inhabit 111 under 1007. The town is well lighted with gas, and the streets are under the control of commissioners empowered by act of parliament, who keep them very clean. (Communication from Tiverton.) TIVOLI, the antient Tibur, a town of the Papal State, 16 miles east-north-east of Rome, situated on the slope of a hill on the left bank of the Anio, or Teverone, just above the spot where that river falls by a succession of rapids into the lowlands of the Campagna. Tibur existed as a town before the building of Rome, and its origin is lost in the obscurity of fabulous times. Virgil, in relating the wars of the Latins and Rutuli against Æneas, speaks repeatedly of Tibur. According to the old tradition, Tiburtus, son of Catillus, who emigrated from Greece with Evander to the shore of Latium previous to the Trojan war, founded or colonized Tibur. Coras and Catillus the younger, two brothers of Tiburtus, fought against Æneas and his Trojan followers: Tum gemini fratres Tiburtia monia linquunt, Pliny (Hist. Nat., xvi. 87) mentions three old oak-trees, existing in his time, which were reported to be older than Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, and were consecrated to him. According to a passage in Horace (Od., i. 7), they were called Tiburni lucus.' In the same passage Horace, as well as Virgil in the seventh book of the Eneid, speaks of the fane and grove of the Sibyl Albunea at Tibur, the oracles of which were consulted from the oldest times. martyrdom, according to Baronius, Tillemont, and other church historians. Under Aurelian, the famous Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, after having followed the triumphal procession of her conqueror, was by order of the senate banished to Tibur, where she is said to have lived many years in comparative comfort. The grammarian Nonius Marcellus, who belongs to the fourth century, was a native of Tibur. In the year 543 the Goths under Totila took Tibur by surprise, and slaughtered most of the inhabitants, including the bishop. During the Longobard dominion in Italy, Tibur was included in the duchy of Rome, subject, at least nominally, to the emperors of Constantinople, and afterwards to Charlemagne and his successors. After the fall of the Carlovingian dynasty, and while the crown of Italy was an object of contest between various pretenders, Tibur, like most other towns of central Italy, governed itself as a municipal community. Its territory, which extended to the westward about half-way between Tibur and Rome, embraced in the opposite direction the whole valley of the Anio as far as the borders of Naples. But the abbot of the wealthy Benedictine monastery of Sublaqueum, now called Subiaco, having assumed the civil jurisdiction over extensive domains, villages, and castles in the upper part of the valley and the adjoining highlands, of which he had already, by various grants, the utile dominium,' the municipality of Tibur, together with the bishop, resented his usurpation. After a temporary compromise between the parties, effected through the mediation of the pope, the Tiburtines resorted to arms, about A.D. 1123, took several In the early part of the history of Rome we find Tibur castles, from which they drove away the monks and their mentioned as one of the principal towns of the Latin Con- men-at-arms, and a sort of desultory warfare was carried federation. It stood where it still stands, on the left bank on for several years, until 1128, when the abbot of Sublaof the Anio, which river divided the territory of the Latini queum surprised the castle and village of Poggio, which from that of the Sabini, and it was strong by its situation was colonized by the Tiburtines; and after a desperate between the mountain and the river. [LATIUM.] The sub-fighting in the streets and houses, the place was plundered sequent vicissitudes of Tibur and the other Latin cities, till and destroyed. After this a truce was concluded between their final subjection by Rome, 337 B.C., are noticed under Tibur and the abbot. In 1141, during the schism between LATINI. Upon one occasion the militia of Tibur joined the Innocent II. and the anti-pope Anacletus, the Tiburtines Gauls and marched during the night to the walls of Rome, having acknowledged the latter, the people of Rome, who and spread alarm into the city, but they were repulsed. had had frequent border quarrels with their Tiburtine (Livy, vii. 12.) After the final defeat of the Latins, neighbours, seized this opportunity to assail their town Tibur was deprived of part of its territory, which was seized with a considerable force. While they were trying to break by the Romans. During the Samnite wars the Romans open one of the gates, the inhabitants turned off part of the made a road from Tibur over the Apennines to the country waters of the Anio, and made them fall with overwhelming of the Peligni, which was called Via Valeria. The aque- force down the declivity upon the assailants, part of whom ducts of the Anio vetus and Anio novus, and of the Aqua were swept away; and the citizens, sallying out at the same Marcia, which supplied Rome with wholesome water, passed time, routed the remainder of the besiegers, who ran away, through the territory of Tibur, where their remains are still leaving behind their tents and baggage. This was the seen. The healthy and romantic situation of this district cause of that deadly animosity of the Romans against the induced the wealthy Romans to construct in it handsome Tiburtines, which continued for more than a century after. country residences. Scipio Emilianus, Metellus Numidi- In the following year, 1142, the people of Tibur, being cus, the famous Marius, Mæcenas, Munatius Plancus, and threatened with another attack, thought it prudent to make Manlius Vopiscus, had their Tiburtine villas. The families their peace with Pope Innocent, and they swore allegiance of the Munatii, the Coponii, and the Plautii, which flourished to him, which so incensed the Romans, who were bent upon at Rome in the latter times of the republic and under the the destruction of Tibur, that they rose in arms against first emperors, were from Tibur. The mausoleum of the the pope, restored the senate, and proclaimed the republic. Plautii is still seen at Ponte Lucano, a few miles from the In 1145 Pope Eugenius III. took refuge at Tibur from the town on the road to Rome. It is in the shape of a massive turbulence of the Roman people. During the subsequent round tower, like that of Cæcilia Metella outside of Rome, dissensions between the emperor Frederic I. and the pope, with an inscription, which however is said to be of much the people of Tibur seem to have remained faithful to the later date, to M. Plautius Silvanus, who served under Ti- latter, and they joined the Roman militia in an attack berius in the Illyrian war (A.D. 10). G. M. Zappi, who upon Tusculum, the inhabitants of which had taken the lived about the middle of the 15th century, describes, in his part of the emperor, which ended in the total destruction • Annals of Tivoli,' this monument, as it then was, in better of that antient city, A.D. 1191. The Tiburtines obtained preservation than at present. a large share of the plunder of Tusculum. Frederic II., in his wars against the pope, held for a time possession of Tibur. After a course of desultory warfare between Rome and Tibur, a treaty was concluded and signed by the magistrates of both towns, in August, 1259, entitled Capitula et Instrumenta inter Romanum Populum et Populum Tiburtinum,' by which the city of Rome secured the right of sending to Tibur a count, rector, or podestà, as political magistrate, who however, before entering upon his office, was to swear to observe the municipal statutes of the town of Tibur; but the judges, the captain of the militia, and the councillors of the commune, continued to be chosen by the citizens of Tibur as heretofore. The town of Tibur was to pay to the senate of Rome an annual tribute of one thousand libre' (about two hundred dollars). After this the people of Tibur, though often distracted by the factions of the Guelphs and the Guibelines, the Colonna and the Orsini, which desolated for more than a century the Cam Augustus used to visit his favourite Mæcenas at his villa at Tibur, and Suetonius (Octav., 72) mentions his holding his tribunal under the porticoes of the splendid temple of Hercules, part of the cella of which is still seen behind the choir of the modern cathedral, which has been partly constructed with the materials of the antient temple. Gellius (xix. 5) mentions a public library as annexed to the temple. Horace preferred Tibur to all other places of resort, and he had a country-house in the neighbourhood, distinct from his Sabine farm at Digentia. The emperor Hadrian constructed near Tibur a magnificent villa, of which extensive remains are still seen. It contained imitations of the works of art and of the beauties of nature which he had seen in his travels throughout the empire. Under his reign Getulius, a native of Tibur, and his wife Simphorosa, with their seven sons, being converts to the Christian doctrine, are said to have suffered 6 pagna and the neighbouring districts, remained upon the whole attached to the popes; and they even fought for Urban VI. against the Orsini lords of Vicovaro and Tagliacozzo, whom they defeated in 1381. Pope Pius II. built a castle at Tivoli, which remains. Tivoli is now the head of a district of the comarca or province of Rome, which district, according to the last census, contained 55,825 inhabitants, and includes most of the old territory of Tibur. It is one of the few antient towns of Latium which stands on its antient site; whilst the modern representatives of Tusculum, Præneste, and Alba are no longer on the spot of those antient cities. The temple of Vesta, vulgarly called Della Sibilla,' with its Corinthian pillars, still occupies its commanding position; the temple of Hercules has been transformed into a cathedral; the Roman road, or Via Tiburtina, crosses the town; the Roman bridge called Ponte Celio, or Ponticelli, is still extant. There are considerable remains of the Villa of Mæcenas near the Cascatelle. Remains of that of Quintilius Varus are shown near a church called Quintiliolo. Another round temple, vulgarly styled Della Tosse,' or of the goddess Tussis, is outside of the Roman gate. valley of the Caystrus from that of the Hermus. It is said by Pliny to have been previously called Timolus. (Nat. Hist., v. 30; compare Ovid, Met., vi. 15; xi. 86.) Tmolus was celebrated in antiquity for its wine (Strabo, xiv. 637), to which allusion is frequently made in the Baccha' of Euripides. It was also rich in minerals; and the Pactolus, which flows from it into the Hermus, is said to have washed down a great quantity of gold, whence Croesus and the Lydian kings were supposed to have obtained a great part of their wealth. In the time of Strabo however no gold was found in the river. (Herod., i. 93; v. 101; Strabo, xiii. 626.) Chishull, who visited Tmolus in 1699, describes the mountain as pleasant, and garnished with an infinite variety of plants, shrubs, and trees. Besides a fine prospect of the country, the traveller is amused with impending rocks, perpendicular precipices, and the murmurs of a brook, probably the Pactolus. On the top, which he gained in four hours, was a fruitful vale between two lofty ridges; with a vein of marble as clear and pellucid as alabaster. (Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, c. 77.) Mr. Fellowes (Account of Discoveries in Lycia, p. 8) speaks of the mountain being covered with snow at the latter end of February; but Chishull found Tivoli is a bishop's see: it has a college, and a town the snow remaining on the summits at the latter end of library of about 6000 volumes, the gift of the Cavaliere April. Bischi, a native of the place; several manufactories of In the time of Strabo there was a watch-tower of white iron, leather, and paper; and 5300 inhabitants. The sur- stone on the top of Tmolus, which had been built by the rounding hills are covered with olive-trees. The streets Persians, and from which the whole of the surrounding of the town are narrow and steep. Near Tivoli is the ex-country could be seen, especially the plain of the Caystrus. tensive Villa d'Este, constructed about the middle of the (Strabo, xiii. 625.) Tacitus (Annal., ii. 47) speaks of a sixteenth century by the Cardinal Ippolito the younger, of town Tmolus, which was destroyed by an earthquake in Este, son of Alfonso I., duke of Ferrara, who was governor the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 17. This town seems to have of Tivoli under Pope Julius III., and afterwards embel- been situated either upon or near the mountain. Ernesti, lished by the Cardinal Luigi d'Este, brother of Alfonso II. in his note upon the above-mentioned passage of Tacitus, It has all the formal magnificence of the gardens and says that this town is also mentioned by Herodotus (i. 84), pleasure-grounds of that age; its trees cut in architectural but Herodotus is speaking of the mountain, not of the shapes, its mosaic-like parterres, its handsome fountains and town. The Mesotimolitæ, as the name indicates, inwater-works, constructed by Orazio Olivieri, a celebrated habited the central part of the mountain. (Pliny, Nat. hydraulist of Tivoli; its avenue of Italian pines, and its Hist., v. 30.) terraces,-constitute a princely residence, suited to the character and style of its former owners. The mansion is adorned with frescoes by Zuccari and Muziano. The view from the terrace before the house is magnificent. Venturini has published views of this villa, Fontane del Giardino Estense coi loro prospetti.' The country about Tivoli and the valley of the Anio above it is one of the most pleasant, salubrious, and romantic districts near Rome. Vicovaro, the antient Varia, eight miles above Tivoli; the secluded monastery of Subiaco, which is twelve miles above Vicovaro, near where Nero had a villa; the sources of the Anio, near Trevi, above Subiaco; and the valley of Digentia, afford scope for interesting excursions. The vines of Tivoli are fained for a peculiar sort of grape, called 'pizzutello' and 'pergolese,' which, on account of its firmness and luscious taste, is much in request for the table. It was noticed as early as the time of Pliny the elder, who says (Hist. Nat., xiv. 4, Tauchnitz edit.) that it was then a newly discovered sort of grape, having the appearance of the olive, and was called by the Tiburtines uva municipi.' The stone commonly called travertino,' of which many of the buildings of Rome are built, is dug near Tivoli. Many authors have written concerning the history and antiquities of Tivoli. Nicodemi wrote its history in Latin; Zappi wrote Annali di Tivoli ;' Del Ré, Antichitá Tiburtine;' Marzi, Storie Tiburtine;' Cabral and Del Ré, 'Nuove Ricerche delle Ville e dei più notabili Monumenti antichi della Città e del Territorio di Tivoli,' an excellent guide-book; De Sanctis, Dissertazioni sopra la Villa d'Orazio, sopra il Mausoleo de' Plauzj, e sopra Antino;' Ligorio, Pianta della Villa Tiburtina di Adriano disegnata e descritta, published by F. Contini, fol., Rome, 1751; Agostino Capello, Saggio sulla Topografia Fisica di Tivoli,' in the 23rd vol. of the Giornale Arcadico,' 1824; Volpi, De Tiburtibus, seu Tiburtinis,' in his Vetus Lafim; and lastly, Viola, Storia di Tivoli della sua origine fino al Secolo XVII. Rome, 1819. 6 TLASCALA. [MEXICAN STATES, vol. xv., p. 159.] TMOLUS (Tuλog), a chain of mountains which runs from east to west, nearly through the centre of Lydia, and parallel to the Messogis. It detaches itself from the Messogis near the borders of Phrygia and terminates on the coast opposite the island of Chios. It thus separates the TOAD. [FROGS.] MM. Duméril and Bibron (Erpétologie) make the Bufoniform family of the Anurous Phanerogloss Batrachians (Anoures Phanéroglosses) consist of the following genera: Dendrobates, Wagl. (Hylaplesia, part, Boie, Tschudi.) Example, Rhinoderma Darwinii (Chili). Example, Atelopus flavescens (Cayenne) Example, Bufo vulgaris, the common toad. (Europe, Hyladactylus, Tschud. Example, Hyladactylus baleatus (Java). Example, Plectropus pictus (Manilla). Engystoma, Fitzing. (Microps, Wagl.; Stenocephalus, Example, Engystoma ovale (Surinam, Buenos Ayres). Example, Uperodon marmoratus (Montavalle, Indian Peninsula). Breviceps, Merrem (Engystoma, part, Fitzing.; Systoma, Wagl., Tschud.). Example, Breviceps gibbosus (South Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope). Rhinophrynus, Dum. and Bibr. Example, Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Mexico). Geographical Distribution of the Family.-MM. Duméril and Bibron state (loc. cit.) that the number of species known to them (1841) was thirty-five, a much less number than that of the Raniform family, which includes fifty-one, and less still than the Hyliform or Tree-frog family, which comprises sixty-four. Nevertheless, observe these excellent herpetologists, N.B. Præoccupied, at least Chauna is in ornithology. [PALAMEDEA, Vol. xvii., p. 155.] |