THE LARGER KINDS OF POLYPI ARE CALLED ANIMAL-FLOWERS, AND WHEN SEEN ON ROCKS THEY OFTEN RESEMBLE A FLOWER GARDEN. THE URTICA MARINA, OR SEA-ANEMONE, IS ALSO CALLED THE ANIMAL-FLOWER. ANI] A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. limited sense, any irrational creature, as distinguished from man.-ANIMAL, according to the definition of Linnæus, is an organized, living, and sentient being. If, however, the term be disputed, it is very difficult to define what classes of created a [ANI plied to any living creatures, whose existence cannot be discovered without the aid of glasses. Naturalists suppose, and with great reason, that there is a farther order of animalcules which escape the cognizance of even the best microscopes. The naked eye takes in a series from the elephant to the mite: at this point commences new class of animals, which comprehends all those from the mite to such as are said to be many millions of times smaller than the mite! As to the origin and propagation of animalcula, we find naturalists extremely at a loss, and therefore advancing conjectures and hypotheses, each more chimerical than the other. The system of putrefaction solves the difficulty quickly: but the supposition is unphilosophical, and contrary to observation and analogy. Yet how such vast numbers of animals can be, as it were, at pleasure produced, without having recourse to something like equivocal generation, is very difficult to say! To produce a million of living creatures in a few hours, by only exposing a little water in a window, or by adding to it a few grains of some seed, or leaves of a plant, seems dif. ficult to believe. We therefore must suppose them to have been pre-existent. With regard to their structure and economy, animalculæ are found of various sorts; some formed like fishes, others reptile, others hexapedal; some horned, &c. In several kinds, however small, it is easy to discover the form of their mouths, their proboscides, horns, &c. the motions of their hearts, lungs, and other parts. Lewenhoek computed that three or four hundred of the smallest animalcules which he had at the time under his observation, if placed contiguous to each other in a line, would only equal the diameter of an ordinary things are strictly animal: in a general ANIMAL FUNCTIONS, are those by which the materials that constitute and support the bodies of animals, are prepared and supplied. The principal of these functions are the following: circulation, digestion, nutrition or assimilation, respiration, and secretion, which are employed in producing animal matter from the substances that compose it. But, besides these, there are others, which though they do not act chemically, like the foregoing, are in many animals subservient to various important purposes. ANIMAL HEAT, is that property of all animals by which they preserve a certain temperature, which is quite independent of that of the medium by which they are surrounded, and is essentially necessary to life. That of a man in health is from about 94° to 100° Fahrenheit. It appears to depend upon the absorption of oxygen in the lungs, and is most intimately connected with the state of the nervous system; for the heat of the human body remains the same when exposed to the most extreme degrees of temperature. ANIMAL'CULA, (ANIMALCULUM, sing. a little animal), is a term which may be ap or ANIMAL'CULA INFUSO'RIA, ANIMALCULES OF INFUSION, take their name from being found in all kinds, either of vegetable or animal infusions. Indeed, there is scarcely any kind of water, unless impregnated with some mineral substance, but what contains living creatures; and so exquisitely minute are they, that the most powerful microscopes can only discover points in motion in the fluid, gradually decreasing till they become imperceptible to the view!-ANIMALCULES are said to be the cause of various disorders. The itch, from several experiments, is affirmed to be a disorder arising from the irritations of a species of animalcula found in the pustules of that disease, whence the communication of it by contact from one to another is easily conceived, as also the reason of the cure being effected by cutaneous applications. ANIMATED, or AN'IMATE, in a general sense, denotes something endowed with animal life. It also imports a thing to be impregnated with vermin, or animalcules; in which sense, all terrestrial bodies whatever may be said to be animated.-ANIMATE POWER, in mechanics, signifies a power in animal beings, in distinction from that which exists in inanimate bodies, as THE SOUL OF THE WORLD OR UNIVERSE IS TERMED "ANIMA MUNDI." SPONGES ARE CITIES OF ANIMALCULA, THEIR POROSITIES BEING LIKE STREETS AND LANES, AND THE ANIMALS LIVING IN THE HOLES. 35 26 THE WORD ANNALS COMES FROM THE FIRST ANNUAL RECORDS OF THE ROMANS, THE" ANNALES PONTIFICUM," OR "ANNALES MAXIMI." ANN] THE EXTREME FRAGILITY OF GLASS IS PREVENTED BY ANNEALING. The Scientific and Literary Treasury ; springs, &c.ANIMATED MERCURY, a chemical term for quicksilver impregnated with some subtile and spirituous particles, so as to render it capable of growing hot when mixed with gold. ANIMATION, in physiology, signifies life itself: to the complete existence of which, the healthful condition of all the organs of the body, and the due concur rence of all the elements, are necessary. SUSPENDED ANIMATION. Life may suffer considerable diminution of its powers, and even a total suspension, without being absolutely destroyed. The action of the lungs, and consequently all the functions of the body, depend upon the free use of air. The want of this great principle of life causes faintings in crowded assemblies; and it is from the same privation of air, that drowning and suffocation produce death. AN'IME', or GUM AN'IME', a resinous substance imported from New Spain and the Brazils, which is obtained by incision from a tree. It is said to be an inferior kind of myrrh, and is good for pains in the head. ANIME, in heraldry, a term used when the eyes of any rapacious creature are borne of different tincture from the creature itself. AN'IMUS, in metaphysics, the mind or reasoning faculty, in distinction from anima, the being or faculty in which the faculty exists. ANIN'GA IBIS, an Indian bulbous aquatic plant, five or six feet high, with leaves similar to the water-lily. From its root is expressed an oil of great medicinal use for fomentation. AN'ISE-SEED, in the materia medica, a small seed, of an oblong shape, ending each way in an obtuse point, with a surface very deeply striated, and of a lax and brittle substance. It is the production of an umbelliferous plant (pimpinella anesum) which grows wild in Egypt, Syria, and other countries of the East. Anise-seeds are imported from Spain and Italy, where they are cultivated to a considerable extent. AN'LACE, a falchion or sword, shaped like a scythe. AN'NALS, a species of history, in which events are related in the exact order of chronology. They differ from perfect history in this, that annals are a bare relation of what passes every year, as a journal is of what passes every day; whereas history relates not only the transactions themselves, but also the causes, motives, and springs of actions. ANNATES, in ecclesiastical law, firstfruits paid out of spiritual benefices to the pope, being the value of one year's profit. ANNEALING, the process of heating steel and other metal bodies, and then suffering them to cool again gradually. The greater number of metals diminish in bulk when they pass from a fluid to a solid state; iron, on the contrary, expands. AN'NO DOM'INI, abbreviated A. D., the year of our Lord; the computation of time from our Saviour's incarnation. It is used [ANN as the date for all public deeds and writings in England, on which account it is called the "Vulgar Era.” ANNO'NA, in Roman antiquity, signi fied properly, a year's produce from land; but it is also taken for the yearly quantum of food necessary for the sustenance of man.-ANNONA is likewise the allowance of oil, salt, bread, flesh, corn, wine, hay, and straw, which was annually provided by contractors for the maintenance of an army.-ANNONA, in botany, the custardapple, of which there are eight species. ANNO'NE PRÆFECTUS, in antiquity, an extraordinary magistrate, whose business it was to prevent a scarcity of provisions, and to regulate the weight and fineness of bread. ANNONA'RII, in antiquity, forestallers of the market, who bought up all the provisions before-hand, in order to raise the prices. ANNOTATION, a brief commentary, or remark upon a book or writing, in order to clear up some passage, or draw some conclusion from it.-ANNOTATION, in medicine, is the beginning of a febrile paroxysm, when the patient grows chilly, yawns, shudders, or the like. ANNOTTO, or ARNOTTA, in dyeing, an elegant red colour, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of the biza, a tree common in South America. It is also called Terra Orleana, and roucou. To rectified spirit of wine it very readily communicates a high orange or yellowish red, and hence is used as an ingredient in varnishes for giving an orange cast to the simple yel lows. Alkaline salts render it perfectly soluble in boiling water, without altering its colour. Wool or silk boiled in the solution acquires a deep, but not a very durable, orange dye. It is used for colouring cheese. ANNUAL, an epithet for whatever happens every year, or lasts a year; thus we say, the annual motion of the earth, annual plants, annual publications, &c. ANNUITY, the periodical payment of money, either yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly; for a determinate period, as ten, fifty, or a hundred years; or for an indeterminate period, dependent on a certain contingency, as the death of a person; or for an indefinite term, in which latter case they are called perpetual annuities. As the probability of the duration of life at every age is known, so annuities may be purchased for fixed sums during the life of the party. An annuity is said to be in arrear when it continues unpaid after it is due, and in reversion, when it is to fall to the expectant at some future time. AN'NULAR, anything in the form of, or resembling, a ring. Hence, ANNULAR, in anatomy, is an appellation given to several parts of the body: thus, the annular cartilage is the second cartilage of the larynx; the annular ligament is a strong ligament encompassing the wrist, after the manner of a bracelet; and annular process is that which surrounds the medulla oblongata. AN'NULATE, in botany, an epithet for THE PROPORTION OF ANNOTTO IN COLOURING CHEESE IS ONE OUNCE TO ONE CWT. OUR SPLENDID "ANNUALS" ARE THOUGHT TO EXTEND THE NATIONAL TASTE FOR WORKS OF ART; BUT CYNICS CALL THEM SAFETY-VALVES FOR POETS. ANTS WILL FIGHT IN LARGE BODIES, WITH THE REGULARITY OF SOLDIERS, AND PRACTICE THE ARTS OF ATTACK AND DEFENCE. THE LARGE BLACK ANTS OF AMERICA BUILD THEIR NESTS OF EARTH IN TREES. ANT] A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. a capsule, stem, and root, according as either of them is surrounded by apparent rings, or annular elevations. ANNULATUS, in entomology, the name of several species of insects. AN'NULET, in architecture, a small square member in the Doric capital, under the quarter-round. Also a narrow flat moulding, encompassing other parts of the column, as in the base, capital, &c., which is variously termed fillet, cincture, &c. ANNUNCIATION, the delivery of a message, particularly the angel's message to the Virgin Mary, concerning the birth of our Saviour. The festival in commemoration of that event is called Lady-day, and falls on the 25th of March. AN'ODYNES, medicines so called because they ease pain and procure sleep, such as the medicinal preparations of the poppy. They are divided into three classes: Paregorics, or such as assuage pain; soporifics, or such as relieve by procuring sleep; and narcotics, or such as ease the patient by stupifying him. ANOMA'LIA, in medicine, inequality or irregularity as applied to the pulse. ANOMALOUS, in a general sense, is applied to whatever is irregular, or deviates from the rule observed by other things of the like nature.-ANOMALOUS VERBS, in grammar, such as are irregularly formed, of which the Greek language furnishes numerous examples. ANOM'ALY, any irregularity or peculiar phenomena of motion.-ANOMALY, in astronomy, is an irregularity in the motion of a planet, by which it deviates from the aphelion or apogee. ANOMALÍSTICAL YEAR, in astronomy, the time that the earth takes to pass through her orbit. ANO'MIA, or BOWL-SHELL, in conchology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes testacea. They are bivalve, the shells unequal, and one valve is perforated near the hinge, and affixed by that perforation to some other body. Twenty-five species are enumerated. ANOMORHOMBOI'DIA, in mineralogy, a genus of pellucid crystalline spars, of no regular external form, but always breaking into regular rhomboidal masses, and cleaving into plates which always consist of rhomboidal concretions. ANOREX'IA, a term in the medical art, for the loathing of food; and is either original, or symptomatic of some disorder. ANOS MIA, in medicine, a disease attended with a diminution or loss of smell. AN'SER, a star of the fifth magnitude in the Milky Way. AN'SERES, the third order of birds in the Linnæan system, including such as have the bill somewhat obtuse, covered with a skin, and gibbous at the base; as the goose, duck, swan, &c. ANT, (formica) in entomology, a wellknown insect, much celebrated for its industry and economy. The ant makes a distinct genus of insects, of the order of the hymenoptera, or those with membranaceous ANT wings; and is distinguished from the other genera of this order, by having an erect squama, or scaly body, placed between the thorax and abdomen. They are divided, like the bees and wasps, into males, females, and neutrals, which last constitute the great mass of this tribe, and appear to conduct the business of the nest. They feed both on animal and vegetable substances. The WHITE ANTS, which are found in the East Indies, Africa, and South America, are described as far exceeding in wisdom and policy, the bee, the ant, or beaver. They build pyramidal structures, divided into chambers, magazines, &c. These hills, or houses, are so strong as to bear four men to stand upon them; and in the plains of Senegal they appear like villages. Their social economy is of the most regular kind, and when large masses of them make an attack on any animal, their assault is so vigorous, that even men and large quadrupeds often become their victims. At Sierra Leone the travelling ants or marchers, as they are called, will sometimes approach the settlements in lines of two or three miles in length; they will cross considerable streams; and, entering a house, are perfectly irresistible except by fire. ANTARCTIC, in a general sense, denotes something opposite to the arctic, or northern pole. Hence, Antarctic circle, in geography and astronomy, is one of the lesser circles of the sphere, and distant only 23° 30' from the south pole, which is likewise called antarctic for the same reason. The stars near the antarctic pole never appear above our horizon. ANTA'RES, a star of the first magnitude, otherwise called the Scorpion's Heart. ANTANACLA'SIS, in rhetoric, a figure which repeats the same word, but in a different sense; as "dum vivimus, vivamus." ANTECEDENCE, in astronomy, an apparent motion of a planet towards the west, or contrary to the order of the signs, viz. from Taurus towards Aries, &c. ANTECE'DENT, in grammar, the word to which a relative refers: thus, "God whom we adore," the word God is the antecedent to the relative whom.-ANTECEDENT, in logic, is the first of the two propositions in an enthymeme.-ANTECEDENT, in mathematics, is the first of two terms of a ratio, or that which is compared with the other, as in the ratio of 2 to 3, or a to b, 2 and a, are each antecedents.-ANTECEDENT SIGNS, in medicine, such as are observed before a distemper is so formed as to be reducible to any particular class, or proper denominations. ANTECŒE'NIUM, in antiquity, the first course at supper, consisting of eggs, herbs, &c., customary among the Greeks and RoANTECURSORES, in the Roman armies, a party of horse detached before, partly to get intelligence, provisions, &c., and partly to choose a proper place to encamp in. These were otherwise called ANTECESSORES, and by the Greeks, PRO mans. DROMI. THE LITTLE WHITE BALLS WE CALL ANT-EGGS, ARE THE YOUNG WRAPPED IN FILMS. THE ICE IS COLDER, AND EXTENDS FOUR OR FIVE HUNDRED MILES FURTHER FROM THE ANTARCTIC OR SOUTH POLE, THAN FROM THE NORTH. [E 39 THE ANTELOPE, FROM THE EXQUISITE BEAUTY AND VIVACITY OF ITS EYES, IS A FAVOURITE IMAGE IN ORIENTAL POETRY. ANT] THE ANTHER OF A FLOWER IS BY SOME BOTANISTS CALLED THE APEX. The Scientific and Literary Treasury ; ANTEDATE, a spurious, or false date, prior to the true date of a bond, bill, &c. ANTEDILUVIAN, whatever existed before the deluge; thus, the inhabitants of the earth from Adam to Noah are called the antediluvians. ANTELOPE, an animal partaking of the nature both of the deer and the goat, common in Africa, and other hot climates. They are remarkable for swiftness and elegance, and live in herds in hilly districts. ANTEM BASIS, in anatomy, a mutual insertion of the bones. ANTEMERIDIAN, in astronomy, abbreviated A.M., the time before noon. ANTEMURA'LE, in antiquity, the name for what is now called the counterscarp, or outwork, in fortification. [ANT ANTHROPOPHA'GI, or cannibals, persons who eat the flesh of men as well as animals. Abhorrent and unnatura as the practice is, there is no doubt that whole nations have been addicted to this practice, and that it still prevails in the South Seas. ANTHROPHOLITUS, or ANTHROPHOLITES, petrefactions of human bodies, or parts of the body. Those of animals are called zoolites. ANTHROPOLOGY, the science which treats of human nature, either in a physical or an intellectual point of view. ANTHROPOMORPHITE, one who ascribes a human figure and a bodily form to God. ANTI, a Greek particle, which enters into the composition of several words, both ANTEN NÆ, in entomology, slender bo- Latin, French, and English, and signifies dies with which nature has furnished the opposite or contrary to, as in antiscorheads of insects; being the same with what butics. are called horns or feelers. ANTICAR'DIUM, in anatomy, that holANTEPENULTIMA, ANTEPENUL-low part under the breast, just against the TIMATE, or, ANTEPENULT', in gram- heart, called the pit of the stomach. mar, the third syllable of a word from the end, or the last syllable but two. ANTECLE'MA, in oratory, is where the whole defence of the person accused, turns on criminating the accuser. ANTHELIX, in anatomy, the inward protuberance of the external ear, being a semicircle within, and almost parallel to the helix. ANTHELMINTICS, medicines proper to destroy worms. ANTEPOSITION, a grammatical figure, whereby a word, which by the ordinary rules of syntax ought to follow another, comes before it. ANTHER, that part of the stamen of a flower which is at the top of the filament, opening and discharging the pollen, or farina, when ripe. ANTHE'SIS, in botany, efflorescence, or that state of vegetation in which the flower is completely developed. ANTI-CLIMAX, in literary composition and oratory, when a writer or speaker suddenly descends from the great to the little. ANTIDIASTOLE, in medicine, a discrimination of one disease or symptom from another. ANTIDOTE, a counter-poison, or any medicine generally that counteracts the effects of what has been swallowed. ANTIL'OGY, an inconsistency between two or more passages of the same book. ANTIMETAB'OLE, in rhetoric, a setting of two things in opposition to each other. ANTIMETATHESIS, in rhetoric, an inversion of the parts or members of an antithesis. AN'TIMONY, a metallic substance of a greyish white colour, considerable brilliancy, and strongly resembling tin, or silver. Its texture is laminated, and the laminæ appear arranged one over another, and crossing in every direction: its surface often exANTHESPHO'RIA, in antiquity, a Si-hibits a kind of crystal, in the form of stars, cilian festival, instituted in honour of Proserpine. ANTHESTE'RIA, in Grecian antiquity, festivals celebrated in the Spring by the Athenians, in honour of Bacchus, during which the masters feasted their slaves, as the Romans did in the time of the Saturnalia. ANTHOLOGY, a collection of choice poems, particularly a collection of Greek epigrams so called. The word in its original sense simply means a collection of flowers. ANTHRACITE, in mineralogy, a valuable kind of coal, consisting wholly of carbon, mixed with a slight and variable proportion of oxyde of iron, silex, and alumina. It is inflammable with some difficulty, and burns without smell or smoke, leaving a more or less earthy residue. It is scarce in Europe, and consequently but little used; but in the United States of America, where it abounds, it has lately acquired a high degree of importance. ANTHRACO'SIS OC'ULI, in medicine, a scaly corrosive ulcer in the eye. or fir-leaves. It is very brittle, and easily THE ANTIPODES OF ENGLAND LIE TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF NEW ZEALAND. SOME ASSERT THAT ANTHROPOLITES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN OLD MINES, BUT THE EXISTENCE OF SUCH PETRIFACTIONS IS NOT CREDITED. PYROLIGNEOUS ACID, OR CONDENSED STEAM OF GREEN WOOD BAKED, IS THE MOST POWERFUL ANTISEPTIC IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. THE ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL RENDER IT A GOOD DENTIFRICE. ANT] A New Bictionary of the Belles Lettres. cally opposite to each other, as it were feet to feet. They have equal latitudes, the one north, and the other south; but opposite longitudes: consequently when it is day to the one, it is night to the other, and when summer to the one, winter to the other. ANTIPHONA, or ANTIPHONY, in music, the answer made by one choir to another, when the psalm or anthem is sung verse for verse alternately. ANTIPHRASIS, in rhetoric, a figure of speech, or kind of irony, whereby we say a thing by denying what we ought rather to affirm it to be; as when we say, "he is no fool," we mean "he is a man of sense." ANTIQUARY, a person who studies and searches after monuments and remains of antiquity. There were formerly in the chief cities of Greece and Italy, persons of high distinction called antiquaries, who made it their business to explain the ancient inscriptions, and give every other assistance in their power to strangers who were lovers of that kind of learning.The monks who were employed in making new copies of old books were formerly called antiquarii. ANTIQUITIES, all such documents of ancient history as industrious and learned men have collected; genealogies, inscriptions, monuments, coins, names, etymologies, archives, mechanical instruments, fragments of history, &c. Antiquities form a very extensive science, including an historical knowledge of the ancient edifices, magistrates, habiliments, manners, customs, ceremonies, religious worship, and other objects worthy of curiosity, of all the principal nations of the earth. In England, we have British, Roman, Saxon, and Norman antiquities, many of which are highly interesting, and serve to throw a light on the manners and customs of the people. ANTISABBATA'RIANS, a modern religious sect, who deny the necessity of observing the Sabbath, chiefly because it was a Jewish institution. ANTIS CII, or ANTIS'CIANS, in geography, the people who live on different sides of the equator, and have their shadows at noon fall directly opposite ways. ANTISCII is also used among astrologers, for two points of the heavens equally distant from the tropics. ANTISEPTICS, in chemistry, remedies against putrefaction. Of all the antiseptics which have been discovered, none has been found so effectual as chloride of lime in arresting the progress of putrefaction, for when placed in contact with the affected parts, it destroys the offensive odour which they exhale, and prevents the extension of the corruption. ANTISPASMOD'ICS, medicines proper for the cure of spasms and convulsions. Opium, balsam of Peru, and the essential oils of many vegetables, are the most useful. ANTIS TROPHE, the alternate verse in ancient poetry, which was divided into the strophe and antistrophe. In reciting their odes the chorus turned from the left to the right at the antistrophe, and vice versa. ANTISYPHILITIC, a term applied to LAPE remedies used in cases of syphilis, the most efficacious of which are said to be preparations of mercury. ANTITHESIS, in rhetoric, a figure of speech, by which two things are attempted to be made more striking, by being set in opposition to each other. "Antitheses, well managed," says Bohours, “give infinite pleasure in the perusal of works of genius; they have nearly the same effect in language as lights and shadows in painting, which a good artist distributes with propricty: or the flats and sharps in music, which are mingled by a skilful master." The beautiful antithesis of Cicero, in his second Catilinarian, may serve as an example: "On the one side stands modesty, on the other impudence; on the one fidelity, on the other deceit; here piety, there sacrilege; here continency, there lust," &c. ANTITRINITA'RIANS, all those who deny the doctrine of the Trinity. ANTITYPE, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes a type corresponding to some other type or figure. In the Greek church it is also an appellation given to the symbols of bread and wine in the sacrament. ANTE CI, in geography, those inhabitants of the earth who live under the same meridian, but on different sides of the equator, and at equal distances from it. ANTONOMA'SIA, a mode of speaking in which a person is addressed or described by some appropriate or official designation, but not by his surname; as, in the House of Lords," the noble lord," in the House of Commons," the honourable gentleman." A'NUS, in anatomy, the extremity of the intestinum rectum, or orifice of the fundament. Also a small cavity in the third ventricle of the brain.-ANUs, in botany, sig. nifies the posterior opening of a monopetalous flower. AORIS TIA, in the sceptic philosophy, denotes that state of the mind wherein we neither assert nor deny anything positively, but only speak of things as seeming or appearing to us in such a manner. AORTA, or MAG'NA ARTE'RIA, the great artery proceeding from the left ventricle of the heart, from which all the other arteries proceed mediately or immediately. It is distinguished into the descending or ascending, according to the manner in which it runs. AP'ATHY, a term expressive of an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. Thus, the stoics affected an entire apathy, so as not to be ruffled, or sensible of pleasure or pain. APAU'LIA, in antiquity, the second day of the marriage festival, when the bride's departure from her father's house was celebrated. On this day the bridegroom presented the bride with a garment called Apauletéria. APAU'ME, in heraldry, a hand opened, and the full palm appearing, with the thumb and fingers extended, as may be seen in the arms of a baronet. APE, a name for different species of the monkey tribe, which are without tails or THE PASCHAL LAMB IS THE TYPE, OF WHICH CHRIST IS THE ANTITYPE. THOSE WHO LIVE NORTH OF THE EQUATOR ARE ANTISCIANS TO THOSE WHO LIVE SOUTH, AND VICE VERSA. 39 |