AT THE PASCHAL SEASON, THE JEWS BAPTIZED THEIR PROSELYTES, IN ORDER THAT THEY MIGHT EAT THE PASSOVER. 70 BAP] BAPTISM IS EXPRESSLY STYLED A SEAL OF THE CHRISTIAN COVENANT. The Scientific and Literary Treasury; jurisdiction and coercion of the laws. 2. Departing from his own house, and thus secreting himself. 3. Keeping in his own house, except for just and necessary cause, so as not to be seen or spoken with by his creditors. 4. Procuring, or suffering himself willingly to be arrested, or outlawed, or imprisoned, without just and lawful cause. 5. Procuring his money, goods and chattels, and effects, to be attached or sequestrated. 6. Making any fraudulent conveyance of his property to a friend, or secret trustee. BAN (bannum), in the feudal law, a solemn proclamation or publication of any thing. Hence the custom of asking, or publishing the bans, before marriage. BAN, in military affairs, a proclamation made in the army, by beat of drum, sound of trumpet, &c., requiring the strict observance of discipline, either for the declaring a new officer, or punishing an of fender. The word BAN also means an edict of interdiction or proscription. Thus, to put a prince under the ban of the empire, is to divest him of his dignities, and to interdict all intercourse and all offices of humanity with the offender. BAN'NER, a square flag, or the principal standard belonging to a prince or state. -In botany, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. BAN'NERET, an ancient order of knights or feudal lords, who, possessing several large fees, led their own flag or banner. As the spirit of the feudal system declined, persons came to be created bannercts, and hence the institution must have become merely titular. The last knight of this description was Sir John Smith, on whom the honour was bestowed after Edgehill fight, for rescuing the standard of Charles I. On the day of battle, the candidate presented his flag to the king or general, who cutting off the train or skirt, and making it a square, returned it again. Hence, bannerets are sometimes called knights of the square flag. BAN'NOCK, a kind of oat-cake, baked in the embers, or on a stone placed before the fire; it is common in Scotland and the northern parts of England. LBAR BAPTISTERY, in ecclesiastical writers, a place in which the ceremony of baptism is performed. In the ancient church, it was one of the exedra or buildings distinct from the church itself, and consisted of a porch or ante-room, where the persons to be baptised made their confession of faith, and an inner room where the ceremony of baptism was performed. Thus it continued till the sixth century, when the baptisteries began to be taken into the churchporch; and afterwards into the church itself. BAR, the partition which separates the members of a court of justice from those who have to report or hear. It is also applied to the benches, where the lawyers are seated, because anciently there was a bar to separate the pleaders from the attorneys and others. Hence those who are called to the bar, or licensed to plead, are termed barristers, an appellation equivalent to licentiate in other countries.-BAR, in law, a plea of a defendant, which is said to be sufficient to destroy the plaintiff's action. -BAR, in music, a stroke drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of music, including between each two a certain quantity or measure of time.-BAR, in heraldry, an ordinary in form of the fesse, but much less.-A bar of gold or silver is an ingot, or wedge, from the mines, run in a mould and unwrought. A bar of iron is a long piece wrought in the forge.-The word BAR is also used figuratively for any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion. BARALYPTON, in logic, an indirect mode of syllogism, consisting of two universals and one particular affirmative proposition: as, " Every animal is endued with sense; every man is an animal; therefore, something endued with sense is man." BARAN'GI, certain officers in the Greek empire, who had the keys of the city in charge where the emperor resided. BARA'THRUM, in antiquity, a deep pit, with sharp spikes at the top and bottom, into which condemned persons were cast headlong, at Athens. BAR'ATRY, or BAR'RATRY, in commerce, a term used when the master of a vessel or the mariners cheat the owners by embezzling their goods, or running away with the ship. re BARB, the points that stand back in the head of an arrow or fishing-hook, to prevent them from being drawn out easily.The name of a horse of the Barbary breed, markable for its swiftness.Any roughness that grows and resembles a beard; as the down with which the surface of some plants are covered; the tuft of hairs at the BANQUETTE, in fortification, the elevation of earth behind a parapet, on which the garrison of a fortress may stand, on the approach of an enemy, in order to fire upon them. BA'OBAL, a cooling acid fruit, of the gourd kind, a native of Africa. BAPTISM, a rite of the Christian religion, by which the members of its church are received into the communion. Almost all sects of Christians style baptism a sa-point of leaves. crament, and consider its use as important; but the manner in which it ought to be performed, and the effects to be derived from it, have been subjects of much contro BAR BACAN, or BAR'BICAN, an outer defence to a city or castle, used especially as a defence to a city or walls; also an aperture made in the wall of a fortress through which to fire upon an enemy. BAPTISTS (a contraction of ANABAP- BARBARA, in logic, an arbitrary term TISTS), a Christian sect who practise the for the first mode of the first figure of sylbaptism of adults instead of that of chil-logisms, consisting of three universal propositions: as, "All animals are endued with versy. drer GROTIUS IS OF OPINION THAT BAPTISM ORIGINATED SOON AFTER THE DELUGE. THE STING OF AN INSECT USUALLY REMAINS IN THE WOUND IT INFLICTS, ON ACCOUNT OF THE SIDES OF ITS POINT BEING "BARBED." BARLEY IS FREED FROM ITS BRAN, AS IN PEARL BARLEY, BECAUSE THE BRAN CONTAINS A RESIN OF AN ACRIMONIOUS NATURE. WHEN FEW COULD READ, AND FEWER WRITE, "BARDS" BAR] WERE IN HIGH REPUTE. A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. sense; all men are animals; therefore, all men are endued with sense.' BARBA'RIAN, a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans, to all who were not of their own country, or were not instituted in their language, manners, and customs. In this sense the word signified with them no more than foreigner, not signifying, as with us, a wild, rude, or uncivliized person. BAR BARISM, in a general sense, a rudeness of language or behaviour.In grammar, an offence against the purity of style or language; or a mode of speaking or writing contrary to the true idiom of any particular language. BAR BEL, a fish of the genus Cyprinus, which lies in holes near the banks, and feeds on testaceous animals, worms, &c. BAR'BLES, or BARBS, in farriery, the knots or superfluous flesh that grow up in the channels of a horse's mouth; that is, in the intervals that separate the bars, and lie under the tongue. guage. BARD, the name given to those individuals of semi-barbarous tribes, whose genius or imagination enabled them to describe events in elevated or measured lanHomer was one of these bards among the early Greeks; Ossian another among the ancient Irish; and their rhapsodies were the foundations of the art of poetry, which has been cultivated with success by all civilized nations. In the first stages of society, in all countries, bards have made a conspicuous figure; and the "light of the song" has been the morningbeam that first broke upon the darkness of ignorance: but no where does it appear, did ever verse and its professors receive so much public regard as under the druidical establishment; a regard with which they continued to be honoured long after that system had perished. In battle the bards of the Celtic tribes raised the war-cry, and in peace they sung the exploits of their heroes, celebrated the attributes of their gods, and chronicled the history of their nation. Originally spread over the greater part of western Europe, they seem to have been the heralds, the priests, and the law-givers of the free barbarians who first occupied its ancient forests, until, by the gradual progress of southern civilization and despotism, they were driven back into the fastnesses of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, where the last echoes of their harps have long since died away. [BAR glass, bleaching linen, and in the finishing process of the hard soap manufacture. BARIUM, a metal so called by Sir Humphrey Davy, the discoverer, which is ob tained by the chemical decomposition of barytes. BARK, the exterior part of trees, corresponding with the skin of animals. The bark may be divided into the outward skin or cuticle, and the inner substance or cortex. The outward skin, or cuticle, seems to derive its origin from the inner or cortical substance, and to be nothing more than the old bark dried and shrivelled up, being supplanted yearly by a new one, after the same manner as a snake casts its skin. It is composed of little bladders or vesicles horizontally placed, so as to form a ring; among which are also intermixed, more or less, several parallel woody fibres or sap vessels. The inner substance consists, 1: of several enfoldments of woody fibres, interwoven in the manner of a net, and wrapping over each other like the coats of an onion. 2: of a number of small bladders or vesicles, sometimes of an oval, and sometimes of an angular figure, which fill up the spaces between the said fibres, and are placed in lines horizontally towards the wood. And 3: of its own peculiar vessels, which contain the proper and specific juice of the plant. It is observed that trees stripped of their bark in the time of the sap, and suffered to die, afford heavier timber, more uniformly dense, stronger, and fitter for service, than if the trees had been cut down in their healthy state. BARK, (PERUVIAN), a most valuable medicine, is the produce of various species of the Cinchona, which is the spontaneous growth of many parts of South America, but more particularly of Peru. The tree somewhat resembles a cherry-tree in appearance, and bears clusters of red flowers. It was formerly called Jesuit's bark, from its having been introduced into Europe by the members of that fraternity who resided in South America, and who for many years derived from it a source of great profit. Its medicinal uses have long been well known; but it was not till lately that its medicinal properties were discovered to depend upon the presence of a substance called quinine, which exists, more or less, in all kinds of Peruvian bark. This discovery was made by Messrs. Pelletier and Cavatou, who also ascertained that the most useful and permanent form of the substance was that of a neutral salt, in which it was combined with sulphuric acid, constituting the celebrated sulphate of quinine. BARGE, in naval affairs, a boat of state and pleasure, adorned with various ornaments, having bales and tilts, and seats covered with cushions, and carpets, and BAR'LEY, a valuable kind of grain prinbenches for many oars; as a company's cipally used in England in the state of barge, an admiral's barge, &c. It is also malt for brewing.PEARL BARLEY and the name of a flat-bottomed vessel employ- FRENCH BARLEY, the grain freed from the ed for carrying goods on a navigable river, husk by a mill; the distinction between the as those upon the river Thames, called west two being, that the pearl barley is reduced country barges. to the size of small shot, all but the very BARILLA, the name of a crude soda ob-heart of the barley being ground away. tained by the incineration of the salsola BARLEY-CORN, the least of our long measoda, a plant cultivated in Spain and Sicily, sures, being the third part of an inch. the ashes of which are used in making BARM, or YEAST, the head, or working WHEN A TREE IS FAST DECAYING, THE "BARK" SEPARATES FROM THE TRUNK. THE INNER BARK OF TREES, CALLED "LIBER," WAS BY THE ANCIENTS USED AS PAPER, WHENCE A BOOK HAD THE NAME OF LIBER. 71 72 BY THE "PORTABLE BAROMETER" THE PROFILE OF A CHAIN OF MOUNTAINS MAY EASILY BE TAKEN, WITH A GREAT DEGREE OF CORRECTNESS. NORTHERLY WINDS RAISE BAROMETERS; SOUTHERLY WINDS DEPRESS THEM. BAR] The Scientific and Literary Treasury ; out of beer, which is used as a ferment to lighten bread. BARNACLES, a species of shell-fish which sticks to the bottom of ships, rocks, &c. In farriery, an instrument composed, of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon a horse's nose, to confine him for shoeing, bleeding, or dressing. BARNACLE-GOOSE, a large water-fowl with a broad flat bill. BAR'OLITE, a stone of the ponderous order, called also the carbonate of barytes. It usually occurs in small masses, which have a fibrous structure; and it is generally of a light yellowish gray colour. BAROMETER, an instrument for measuring the weight of the atmosphere, and of use in ascertaining and anticipating the changes of the weather. For this purpose, the tube is fixed to a graduated scale, so that the smallest variation in the column is visible. In dry weather, the air being free from vapours, is consequently heavy, and presses up the quicksilver; but in moist rainy weather, the atmosphere being charged with clouds and fogs, the air is lighter, and presses with less force on the quicksilver. From the best observations that have been made on the barometer, it appears, however, that it is not so much the height of the mercury in the tube that indicates the weather, as the motion of it up and down; wherefore, in order to know whether the mercury is actually rising or falling, the following rules are of use: 1, If the surface of the mercury is convex, it is a sign that the mercury is then rising; 2, If the surface is concave, it is sinking; 3, If the surface is plain, or rather a little convex, the mercury is stationary; 4, If the glass is small, shake the tube, and if the air is grown heavier, the mercury will rise about half the tenth of an inch; if it is growing lighter, it will sink as much. [BAR for or against his wife, except in cases of high treason. BAR'ONET, the lowest degree of honour that is hereditary, being the next below a baron, and above a knight. The order was founded by King James I. at the suggestion of Sir Robert Cotton, when 200 baronets were created at once: to which number it was intended that they should be always restrained: but it is now enlarged at the royal pleasure, without limitation. On their institution, they were allowed to charge their coat with the arms of Ulster, in Ireland, which province they were to defend against the rebels, who then harassed it extremely : to which end they were each to raise and keep up 30 soldiers at their own expense for three years together, or to pay into the exchequer a sum sufficient to do it; which, at 8d. per day per head, was £1095: so that including fees, the expence of this dignity may be about £1200 sterling. The baronetcies of Scotland, or of Nova Scotia in America, and of Ireland, were instituted with similar views to the advantage of the state. BAR'RACAN, a kind of thick, strong stuff, something like camlet, but of a coarser grain. It is used to make cloaks, surtouts, and other outer garments. BARRACKS, large buildings erected for the security and accommodation of soldiers, whether infantry or cavalry. BARRACUDA, a species of fish of the pike kind, found in the West Indian seas. It is about ten feet long, and very vora. cious. BAR'RATOR, in law, a common mover, or maintainer of suits and quarrels, either in courts or elsewhere; an encourager of litigation. BARRICA'DE, or BARRICA'DO, a fortification made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or any thing that will obstruct the progress of an enemy, or serve BAR'ON, a degree of nobility next below for defence or security against his attack. a viscount, and above a baronet. Originally, BARRISTER, a counsellor learned in the barons being the feudatories of princes, the law, admitted to plead at the bar, and were the proprietors of land held by honour- there to take upon him the protection and able service: hence, in ancient records, the defence of clients. They are termed juris word barons comprehends all the nobility. consulti; in some countries licentiate jure ; It is probable that formerly all those were and anciently, barristers were called apprenbarons who had lordships with courts-ba- tices of the law: in Latin, apprenticiis juris ron, and soon after the Conquest, all such nobiliores. In Scotland, they are called adsat in the house of peers; but they being vocates. An inner barrister is one who is a very numerous, it was ordered that none serjeant, or king's counsel, and is admitshould sit but such as the king thought fitted to plead within the bar: an outer barto call up by writ, which ran pro hac vice tan- rister is one who pleads without the bar; tum. This state of nobility being very pre- but at the Rolls, and other inferior courts, carious, they at length obtained of the king all barristers are admitted within the bar. letters patent, and these were called barons BAR'ROW, a large hillock or mound of by patent, or creation.-BARONS OF THE earth. They are met with in many parts of EXCHEQUER, the four judges to whom the the world, and on being opened, are found to administration of justice is committed, in be repositories of the dead. When these causes between the king and his subjects, mounds are composed of stones, they are relating to matters concerning the revenue. usually distinguished by the name of cairns. They were formerly barons of the realm, but By the Romans they were called tumuli, and of late are generally persons learned in the are still to be seen in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as in several BARON AND FEMME, a term in law other countries. for husband and wife, who are deemed but BAR'RY, in heraldry, is when an escutone person; so that a wife cannot be wit-cheon is divided bar-wise, that is, across ness for or against her husband; nor he from side to side, into an even number of laws. THE BAROMETER WAS ORIGINALLY CALLED A "BAROSCOPE." THE DUTIES OF A COUNSEL ARE HONORARY, AND HE CAN MAINTAIN NO ACTION FOR HIS FEES, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED AS A GRATUITY. FEW COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD PRESENT SUCH MAGNIFICENT "BASALTIC ROCKS" AS THE NORTH OF IRELAND, AND SOME OF THE HEBRIDES. BAS] "MURIATE OF BARYTES" IS OFTEN USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES. A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. partitions, consisting of two or more tinc- BAR'-SHOT, double-headed shot, consist- BARTER, the exchanging of one commodity for another, the trucking of wares for wares, among merchants. Barter was the original and natural way of commerce, there being no buying till money was invented. Also the rule in Arithmetic by which the proportionate value of commodities is found. BARY"TA, or BARYTES, in mineralogy, a very ponderous kind of earth, very brittle, and perfectly soluble in boiling sulphuric acid. It is compounded of oxygen and barium. BARYSTRON TIANITE, a mineral called also Stromnite, from Stromness, in Orkney. It is of a yellowish white colour externally, but of a greyish white within. BARYTO-CALCITE, in mineralogy, a mixture of carbonate of lime with sulphate of barytes, of various forms and of a grey colour. BARYTONE, in music, a male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common base and the tenor, being lower than the one and higher than the other. BASALT ES, or BASALT, a stone supposed to be of volcanic origin, black or green in colour, and found in pillars in the prismatic form. Columns of basalt form the Giant's Causeway, the Isle of Staffa, and Fingal's Cave, and are always found near great volcanoes, as Hecla, &c. It is remarkably hard and heavy, will not strike fire with steel, and is a fine touch-stone. BASALTINE, in mineralogy, a variety of common hornblende, often found in basalt and volcanic scoriæ. BAS'ANITE, in mineralogy, Lydian stone, or black jasper; a variety of siliceous or flinty slate; of a bluish black colour, interspersed with veins of quartz. It is employed to test the purity of gold. BASE, in geometry, the lowest side of the perimeter of a figure: thus, the base of a triangle may be said of any of its sides, but more properly of the lowest, or that which is parallel to the horizon.-BASE, in architecture, is used for any body which bears another, but particularly for the lower part of a column and pedestal. The base of columns is differently formed in different orders: thus, the Tuscan base consists only of a single torus, besides the plinth: the Doric has an astagral more than the Tuscan: the Ionic has a large torus over two slender scotias, separated by two astragals: the Corinthian has two toruses, two scotias, and two astragals: the Composite has an astragal less than the Corinthian: the Attic base has two toruses and a scotia, and is proper for either the Ionic or Composite columns. BASE, in fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion, to the angle opposite to it. -BASE, in chemistry, a term used to de [BAS note the earth, the alkali, or the metal of which a salt is formed in union with oxygen: thus, in the oxyde of iron or copper, the iron or copper is the base.-BASE, in botany, that part on which the whole flower stands, and the fruit too when the flower has faded.-BASE LINE, in perspective, the common section of a picture, and the geometrical plane.-BASE TENURE, in law, the holding by villeinage or other customary services, as distinguished from the higher tenures in capite, or by military service.-BASE FEE is to hold in fee at the will of the lord, as distinguished from soccage tenure.- -BASE COURT, any court not of record. BASHAW', PASHA', or PACHA', a dignity under the Turkish government. Bashaw, used absolutely, denotes the prime vizier; other bashaws, which are generally governors of provinces or cities, being distinguished by the name of the place under their command. The appellation is given by way of courtesy to almost every person of any figure at the Grand Signior's court. Their degrees of dignity were marked by their bearing one, two, or three horses' tails. BAS'IL, in botany, an aromatic plant of the genus Ocymum, of which there are many species, all natives of warm climates. The sweet basil is much used by the French in cookery.-Basil, in carpentry, the slope or angle of a chisel, plane, or other tool. BASILICA, anciently, public halls or courts of judicature, where princes and magistrates sat to administer justice. They were at first the palaces of princes, but were finally converted into churches. Hence basilic now means a church, chapel, cathedral, or royal palace. BASILICA, or BAS'ILIC, in anatomy, the interior branch of the axillary vein, running the whole length of the arm. BASIL'ICI, a denomination given in the Greek empire to those who carried the emperor's orders and commands. BASILICON, in medicine, an ointment WHEN APPLIED TO PERSONS, MEANS LOW, ABJECT, OR ILLIBERAL. ARTIFICIAL SULPHATE OF "BARYTES," A BEAUTIFUL WHITE COLOUR, IS FORMED BY ADDING SULPHURIC ACID TO THE CARBONATE OF BARYTES. [H 74 DURING THE DAY-TIME, "BATS" REMAIN SUSPENDED BY THEIR HOOKED HINDER CLAWS, IN THE LOFTS OF BARNS, OR IN TREES. BAS] HOMER MENTIONS THE USE OF THE "BATH" AS AN OLD CUSTOM. The Scientific and Literary Treasury; quids.- -In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. Basin of a dock, a place where the water is confined by double flood-gates. The basin of a haven is that part which opens from a narrow passage into a spacious receptacle. In Jewish antiquities, the laver of the tabernacle. BAS'SO, in music, the Italian for bass. Thus, Basso concertante, is the bass of the little chorus: basso repieno, the bass of the grand chorus; and basso continuo, that part of a composition which is set for the organ, &c. BASK'ING-SHARK, a species of squalus or shark, from three to twelve yards in length. It is also called the sun-fish, from its lying on the surface of the water, and basking in the sun. It produces a great quantity of oil. BASKET FISH, a species of sea-star, or star-fish, of the genus asterias, having five rays issuing from an angular body, and dividing into innumerable branches. BASS (sometimes written base, which is the correct English word for basso, low): the lowest or fundamental part in music, and important as the foundation of harmony.Thorough bass is that which includes the fundamental rules of composition. Ground bass is that which commences with some subject of its own, that is continually repeated throughout the movement, whilst the upper parts pursue a separate air. Counter bass is a second or double bass, where there are several in the same concert.-BASS, among gardeners, a soft kind of sedge or rush used in binding plants, &c. BASS VIOL, a stringed musical instrument of the same shape as a violin, but much larger. BAS'SETING, the rising of a vein of coal or other stratum, towards the surface of the earth. BASSOON', a musical wind instrument, consisting of a very long tube, with a reed for the mouthpiece. BAS'SO RELIEVO, or BASS RELIEF, sculpture in which the figures are represented as projecting not far above the plane on which they are formed. Figures cut are said to be done in relief, and when the work is low or flat it is called bass relief, or basso relievo, in distinction from alto relievo and mezzo relievo. BASTI LE, a noted fortress in Paris, which was used as a state prison, and in which many persons who had incurred the resentment of the French monarchs, or their ministers, had been immured for life. It was built at the latter part of the 14th century; and was demolished by the enraged populace at the commencement of the revolution in 1789. BASTINA'DO, a mode of punishment used among the Turks, of beating the offender on the soles of the feet. BASTION, in modern fortification, a huge mass of earth, usually faced with sods, but sometimes with brick, and, in a few instances, with stone, standing out from a rampart, whereof it is a principal part, and [BAT what in ancient fortification, was called a bulwark. The bastion consists of two faces, and an opening towards the centre called the gorge. Bastions are solid or hollow. A flat bastion is made in the middle of the curtain, when it is too long to be defended by the bastions in its extremes. A demi bastion is composed of one face only, with one flank and a demi-gorge. A double bastion is one raised on the plane of another. BAT, in zoology, the Vespertilio of Linnæus, an animal resembling both a bird and a mouse. It has wings, not of feathers but of a skin distended, and flies only by night, and has an unknown power of distinguishing distant objects without light. It lays no eggs, but brings forth its young alive, and suckles them. They feed upon moths, flies, flesh, and oily substances, and are torpid during the winter. The species are numerous, and among them is the vampire or Ternate bat of Africa and the Ori ental isles: their wings when extended measure five or six feet; they live on fruits, but they are said to suck the blood of persons when asleep. BATII, a sufficient quantity of water collected in some convenient receptacle, for persons to plunge or wash their bodies in, either for health or pleasure. They are distinguished into natural and artificial, and natural again into warm and cold. Natural warm baths are formed of the water of hot springs, of which there are many in different parts of the world; especially in countries where there are, or evidently have been, volcanoes. The artificial warm baths consist of either water or some other fluid heated by art. The cold bath consists of water, either fresh or salt, in its natural degree of heat; or it may be made colder by art, as by a mixture of nitre, salammoniac, &c. The chief natural warm baths in Great Britain are those of Bath and Bristol, in Somersetshire; and those of Buxton and Matlock in Derbyshire; which latter are merely tepid. Some are impregnated with iron, and called chalybeate; others with sulphur, carbonic acid, and other mineral qualities. They are often very efficacious in scorbutic, bilious, and dyspeptic complaints, as well as for the removal of various chronic diseases. The word bath also signifies any artificial contrivance which is to supply the place of a bath, as a shower bath, or an apparatus for applying water to the body in the form of a shower; a vapour bath, or a mode of conveying moisture to the body by means of steam. Among the ancients, the most magnificent edifices were erected for bathing in; such were the baths of Titus, Paulus Emilius, and Dioclesian, whose ruins are still remaining. At the present day, baths are in general use in the East. BATH, (KNIGHTS OF THE), a military order of knighthood in England, supposed to have been instituted by Richard II., who limited the number of knights to four: but his successor, Henry IV., on the day of his coronation increased them to forty-six. This order received its denomi IN TURKEY, THERE IS A PUBLIC BATH CONNECTED WITH EVERY MOSQUE. IT IS CUSTOMARY FOR RUSSIANS, AFTER ENJOYING A "STEAM BATH," TO PLUNGE INTO A RIVER, OR ROLL THEMSELVES IN THE SNOW. |